TURENNE, VICOMTE DE, a famous marshal of France, born at Sedan of
noble parentage; was trained in the art of war under his uncles Maurice
and Henry of Nassau in Holland, and entered the French service in 1630
under the patronage of Richelieu; gained great renown during the Thirty
Years' War; during the wars of the FRONDE (q. v.) first sided
with the "Frondeurs," but subsequently joined Mazarin and the court
party; crushed his former chief Conde; invaded successfully the Spanish
Netherlands, and so brought the revolt to an end; was created
Marshal-General of France in 1660; subsequently conducted to a triumphant
issue wars within Spain (1667), Holland (1672), and during 1674 conquered
and devastated the Palatinate, but during strategical operations
conducted against the Austrian general Montecuculi was killed by a
cannon-ball (1611-1675).

TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, French statesman, born at Paris, of
Norman descent; early embraced the doctrines of the _philosophe_ party,
and held for 13 years the post of intendant of Limoges, the affairs of
which he administered with ability, and was in 1774 called by Louis XVI.
to the management of the national finances, which he proceeded to do on
economical principles, but in all his efforts was thwarted by the
privileged classes, and in some 20 months was compelled to resign and
leave the matter to the fates, he himself retiring into private life
(1727-1781).

TURIN (230), a celebrated city of North Italy, a former capital of
Piedmont, 80 m. NW. of Genoa; although one of the oldest of Italian
cities it presents quite a modern appearance, with handsome streets,
statues, squares, gardens, a Renaissance cathedral, palaces, university
(over 2000 students), large library, colleges and museums, &c.;
manufactures are chiefly of textiles; has an interesting history from the
time of its first mention in Hannibal's day.

TURKESTAN, a wide region in Central Asia, divided by the Pamir plateau
into sections: (1) WESTERN TURKESTAN, which embraces Russian Turkestan
(3,342), the KHANATES OF KHIVA (q. v.) and BOKHARA (q. v.), and Afghan
Turkestan. (2) EASTERN TURKESTAN (600), formerly called Chinese Tartary;
unproductive in many parts, and but sparsely populated; produces some
gold, and a considerable quantity of silk, besides linens and cottons.

TURKEY or THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, a great Mohammedan State embracing wide
areas in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, besides the province of T