ital of a government (1,409) of the same name in
Central Russia, 107 m. S. of Moscow, the residence of a military and of a
civil governor, the seat of a bishop, and a busy centre of firearms,
cutlery, and other manufactures.

TULCHAN BISHOPS, bishops appointed in Scotland by James VI. to draw
the Church revenues for his behoof in part, a tulchan being "a calf-skin
stuffed into the rude similitude of a calf" to induce the cow to give her
milk freely; "so of the bishops, which the Scotch lairds were glad to
construct and make the milk come without disturbance."

TULLE (15), a town of France, capital of the dep. of Correze, 115 m.
NE. of Bordeaux; possesses a cathedral, episcopal palace, &c.; chief
manufacture firearms; the fine silk fabric which takes its name from it
is no longer manufactured here.

TUNBRIDGE (10), a market-town of Kent, 11 m. SW. of Maidstone, with
a fine old castle, a notable grammar-school, and manufactures of fancy
wood-wares.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS (28), a popular watering-place on the border of Kent
and Sussex, 34 m. SE. of London; with chalybeate waters noted for upwards
of 250 years.

TUNIS (1,500), a country of North Africa, slightly larger than
Portugal; since 1882 a protectorate of France; forms an eastern
continuation of Algeria, fronting the Mediterranean to the N. and E., and
stretching S. to the Sahara and Tripoli; is inhabited chiefly by Bedouin
Arabs; presents a hilly, and in parts even mountainous, aspect; its
fertile soil favours the culture of fruits, olives, wheat, and esparto,
all of which are in gradually increasing amounts exported; fine marble
has been recently found, and promises well. The capital is Tunis (134),
situated at the SW. end of the Lake of Tunis, a few miles SE. of the
ruined city of CARTHAGE (q. v.); is for the most part a crowded
unwholesome place, but contains well-supplied bazaars, finely decorated
mosques, the bey's palace, a citadel, and is showing signs of improvement
under French management.

TUNSTALL (16), a market-town of Staffordshire, 41/2 m. NE. of
Newcastle-under-Lyme, is a coal-centre, with manufactures of earthenware
and iron.

TUPPER, MARTIN, author of "Proverbial Philosophy," born in
Marylebone; bred to the bar; wrote some 40 works, but the "Philosophy"
(1838), though dead now, had a quite phenomenal success, having sold in
thousands and hundreds of thousands, as well as being translated into
various foreign languages (1810-1889).