their countrymen resided in the capital and
provinces; and the national treaties protected the persons, effects, and
privileges, of the Russian merchant. [55]

[Footnote 49: The original record of the geography and trade of Russia
is produced by the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, (de Administrat.
Imperii, c. 2, p. 55, 56, c. 9, p. 59-61, c. 13, p. 63-67, c. 37, p.
106, c. 42, p. 112, 113,) and illustrated by the diligence of Bayer, (de
Geographia Russiae vicinarumque Regionum circiter A. C. 948, in Comment.
Academ. Petropol. tom. ix. p. 367-422, tom. x. p. 371-421,) with the
aid of the chronicles and traditions of Russia, Scandinavia, &c.]

[Footnote 50: The haughty proverb, "Who can resist God and the great
Novogorod?" is applied by M. Leveque (Hist. de Russie, tom. i. p. 60)
even to the times that preceded the reign of Ruric. In the course of
his history he frequently celebrates this republic, which was suppressed
A.D. 1475, (tom. ii. p. 252-266.) That accurate traveller Adam Olearius
describes (in 1635) the remains of Novogorod, and the route by sea and
land of the Holstein ambassadors, tom. i. p. 123-129.]

[Footnote 51: In hac magna civitate, quae est caput regni, plus
trecentae ecclesiae habentur et nundinae octo, populi etiam ignota manus
(Eggehardus ad A.D. 1018, apud Bayer, tom. ix. p. 412.) He likewise
quotes (tom. x. p. 397) the words of the Saxon annalist, Cujus (Russioe)
metropolis est Chive, aemula sceptri Constantinopolitani, quae est
clarissimum decus Graeciae. The fame of Kiow, especially in the xith
century, had reached the German and Arabian geographers.]

[Footnote 52: In Odorae ostio qua Scythicas alluit paludes, nobilissima
civitas Julinum, celeberrimam, Barbaris et Graecis qui sunt in circuitu,
praestans stationem, est sane maxima omnium quas Europa claudit
civitatum, (Adam Bremensis, Hist. Eccles. p. 19;) a strange exaggeration
even in the xith century. The trade of the Baltic, and the Hanseatic
League, are carefully treated in Anderson's Historical Deduction of
Commerce; at least, in our language, I am not acquainted with any book
so satisfactory. * Note: The book of authority is the "Geschichte des
Hanseatischen Bundes," by George Sartorius, Gottingen, 1803, or rather
the later edition of that work by M. Lappenberg, 2 vols. 4to., Hamburgh,
1830.--M. 1845.]

[Footnote 53: According to Adam of Bremen, (de Situ Daniae, p. 58,) the
old Curland extended eight days' journey along the coast;