dge which arose on the western
world.

[Footnote 78: Consult the Latin text, or English version, of Mosheim's
excellent History of the Church, under the first head or section of each
of these centuries.]

[Footnote 79: In the year 1000, the ambassadors of St. Stephen received
from Pope Silvester the title of King of Hungary, with a diadem of Greek
workmanship. It had been designed for the duke of Poland: but the Poles,
by their own confession, were yet too barbarous to deserve an angelical
and apostolical crown. (Katona, Hist. Critic Regum Stirpis Arpadianae,
tom. i. p. 1-20.)]

[Footnote 80: Listen to the exultations of Adam of Bremen, (A.D. 1080,)
of which the substance is agreeable to truth: Ecce illa ferocissima
Danorum, &c., natio..... jamdudum novit in Dei laudibus Alleluia
resonare..... Ecce populus ille piraticus ..... suis nunc finibus
contentus est. Ecce patria horribilis semper inaccessa propter cultum
idolorum... praedicatores veritatis ubique certatim admittit, &c., &c.,
(de Situ Daniae, &c., p. 40, 41, edit. Elzevir; a curious and original
prospect of the north of Europe, and the introduction of Christianity.)]

[Footnote 81: The great princes removed in 1156 from Kiow, which was
ruined by the Tartars in 1240. Moscow became the seat of empire in the
xivth century. See the 1st and 2d volumes of Levesque's History, and Mr.
Coxe's Travels into the North, tom. i. p. 241, &c.]

[Footnote 82: The ambassadors of St. Stephen had used the reverential
expressions of regnum oblatum, debitam obedientiam, &c., which were most
rigorously interpreted by Gregory VII.; and the Hungarian Catholics are
distressed between the sanctity of the pope and the independence of the
crown, (Katona, Hist. Critica, tom. i. p. 20-25, tom. ii. p. 304, 346,
360, &c.)]

Chapter LVI: The Saracens, The Franks And The Normans.--Part I.

The Saracens, Franks, And Greeks, In Italy.--First
Adventures And Settlement Of The Normans.--Character And
Conquest Of Robert Guiscard, Duke Of Apulia--Deliverance Of
Sicily By His Brother Roger.--Victories Of Robert Over The
Emperors Of The East And West.--Roger, King Of Sicily,
Invades Africa And Greece.--The Emperor Manuel Comnenus.--
Wars Of The Greeks And Normans.--Extinction Of The Normans.

The three great nations of the world, the Greeks, the Saracens, and the
Franks, encountered each other on the theatre of Italy. [1] The southern
provinces, which now