n an equal footing we infer from the
fact that the title of "master" (Magister) was applied to men
and women alike, the term "doctor" not having come into use,
apparently, before the thirteenth century. Besides the
general practitioners and the professors, there were others
who fitted themselves specially for military service, as well
as priests who added medical knowledge to their holy calling.
The teaching followed that of Hippocrates and Galen, and the
Salerno school was world-renowned in the art of drug
preparation. In the thirteenth century, however, Arab medical
writings began to be known in Europe through Latin
translations, and Arab practice in medicine, though based on
Greek teaching, initiated a new departure. As a result of
this, the glory of Salerno waned. Another cause of its
decline in fame and popularity was the founding by the
Emperor Frederick the Second of a school of medicine at
Naples, which he richly endowed, and the rise, unencumbered
by old traditions--for medicine, like scholasticism, could be
hampered by dialectical subtlety--of the school of
Montpelier.

In this strength-giving potion we may perhaps see the expression of a
Christian, and the survival of a pre-Christian belief, where the
getting of strength and life is only possible through a direct act of
communion, either material or spiritual, with the god. Such world-old
beliefs, in which the supernatural intervenes to help the natural, are
also intimately connected, even if they are not identical, with the
magic of philtres and charms.

We pass from Christian symbolism to magic in the lay of "Yonec." The
delightful ease with which mediaeval folk turned from magic to
religion, or _vice versa_, shows how simply they accepted what they
did not understand. At the same time it proves how intermingled the
two were, and that what some are inclined to separate now, were once
regarded as one and the same thing, the eccentricities and impositions
which have developed in both being of mere external growth, and to be
treated accordingly. In the lay of "Yonec" a young wife, passing fair,
is shut up by her jealous old husband in a great paved chamber in a
tower of his castle, to which no one save an ancient dame and a priest
has admittance. After seven years of this isolation and uncongenial
company, the lady remembers that she has heard tell that means have
been found to res