jurisdiction here;
for that would leave the erroneous judgment of the court below in full
force, and the party injured without remedy. But it must reverse the
judgment, and, as in any other case of reversal, send a mandate to the
Circuit Court to conform its judgment to the opinion of this court.

5. The difference of the jurisdiction in this court in the cases of
writs of error to State courts and to Circuit Courts of the United
States, pointed out; and the mistakes made as to the jurisdiction of
this court in the latter case, by confounding it with its limited
jurisdiction in the former.

6. If the court reverses a judgment upon the ground that it appears by a
particular part of the record that the Circuit Court had not
jurisdiction, it does not take away the jurisdiction of this court to
examine into and correct, by a reversal of the judgment, any other
errors, either as to the jurisdiction or any other matter, where it
appears from other parts of the record that the Circuit Court had fallen
into error. On the contrary, it is the daily and familiar practice of
this court to reverse on several grounds, where more than one error
appears to have been committed. And the error of a Circuit Court in its
jurisdiction stands on the same ground, and is to be treated in the same
manner as any other error upon which its judgment is founded.

7. The decision, therefore, that the judgment of the Circuit Court upon
the plea in abatement is erroneous, is no reason why the alleged error
apparent in the exception should not also be examined, and the judgment
reversed on that ground also, if it discloses a want of jurisdiction in
the Circuit Court.

It is often the duty of this court, after having decided that a
particular decision of the Circuit Court was erroneous, to examine into
other alleged errors, and to correct them if they are found to exist.
And this has been uniformly done by this court, when the questions are
in any degree connected with the controversy, and the silence of the
court might create doubts which would lead to further and useless
litigation.

III.

1. The facts upon which the plaintiff relies did not give him his
freedom, and make him a citizen of Missouri.

2. The clause in the Constitution authorizing Congress to make all
needful rules and regulations for the government of the territory and
other property of the United States, applies only to territory within
the chartered limits of some one of th