"The people who in despair had flung aside their copper
coins like stones and bricks in their houses, all rushed to the Treasury
and exchanged them for gold and silver. In this way the Treasury soon
became empty, but the copper coins had as little circulation as ever, and
a very grievous blow was given to the State."

An odd issue of currency, not of paper, but of leather, took place in
Italy a few years before Polo's birth. The Emperor Frederic II., at the
siege of Faenza in 1241, being in great straits for money, issued pieces
of leather stamped with the mark of his mint at the value of his Golden
Augustals. This leather coinage was very popular, especially at Florence,
and it was afterwards honourably redeemed by Frederic's Treasury. Popular
tradition in Sicily reproaches William the Bad among his other sins with
having issued money of leather, but any stone is good enough to cast at a
dog with such a surname.

[Ma Twan-lin mentions that in the fourth year of the period Yuen Show
(B.C. 119), a currency of white metal and _deer-skin_ was made. Mr.
Vissering (_Chinese Currency_, 38) observes that the skin-tallies "were
purely tokens, and have had nothing in common with the leather-money,
which was, during a long time, current in Russia. This Russian skin-money
had a truly representative character, as the parcels were used instead of
the skins from which they were cut; the skins themselves being too bulky
and heavy to be constantly carried backward and forward, only a little
piece was cut off, to figure as a token of possession of the whole skin.
The ownership of the skin was proved when the piece fitted in the hole."

Mr. Rockhill (_Rubruck_, 201 note) says: "As early as B.C. 118, we find the
Chinese using 'leather-money' (_p'i pi_). These were pieces of white
deer-skin, a foot square, with a coloured border. Each had a value of
40,000 cash. (_Ma Twan-lin_, Bk. 8, 5.)"

Mr. Charles F. Keary (_Coins and Medals_, by S. Lane Poole, 128) mentions
that "in the reign of Elizabeth there was a very extensive issue of
private tokens in lead, tin, latten, and _leather_."--H. C.]

(_Klapr._ in _Mem. Rel. a l'Asie_, I. 375 seqq.; _Biot_, in _J. As._ ser.
III. tom. iv.; _Marsden_ and _Pauthier_, in loco; _Parkes_, in _J. R. A.
S._ XIII. 179; _Doolittle_, 452 seqq.; _Wylie, J. of Shanghai Lit. and
Scient. Soc._ No. I.; _Arbeiten der kais. russ. Gesandsch. zu Peking_, I.
p. 48; _Rennie, Peking_, etc., I. 296, 347; _Birch_, in. _Nu