ers of the forms of injury for which, under
the term of _injures graves_, the French law affords a remedy. It may
well be doubted whether the view taken by the minority of the peers
in _Russell_ v. _Russell_, which would have included in the
definition of cruelty all, or nearly all, of that which the French
law deems either _sevices_ or _injures graves_, would not have better
satisfied both the principles of English jurisprudence and the
feelings of modern life.

DIWANIEH, a small town in Turkish Asia, about 40 m. below Hillah, on
both banks of the Euphrates (31 deg. 58' 47" N., 44 deg. 58' 18" E.),
which is here spanned by a floating bridge. Formerly a military post for
the control of the Affech territory, and a telegraph station, it was in
1893 made the capital of the sanjak, instead of Hillah, on account of
its more strategical position. This transfer of the seat of government
represented a step in the development of Turkish control over the
central regions of Irak.

DIX, DOROTHEA LYNDE (1802-1887), American philanthropist, was born at
Hampden, Maine, on the 4th of April 1802. Her parents were poor and
shiftless, and at an early age she was taken into the home in Boston of
her grandmother, Dorothea Lynde, wife of Dr Elijah Dix. Here she was
reared in a distinctly Puritanical atmosphere. About 1821 she opened a
school in Boston, which was patronized by the well-to-do families; and
soon afterwards she also began teaching poor and neglected children at
home. But her health broke down, and from 1824 to 1830 she was chiefly
occupied with the writing of books of devotion and stories for children.
Her _Conversations on Common Things_ (1824) had reached its sixtieth
edition by 1869. In 1831 she established in Boston a model school for
girls, and conducted this successfully until 1836, when her health
again failed. In 1841 she became interested in the condition of gaols
and almshouses, and spent two years in visiting every such institution
in Massachusetts, investigating especially the treatment of the pauper
insane. Her memorial to the state legislature dealing with the abuses
she discovered resulted in more adequate provision being made for the
care and treatment of the insane, and she then extended her work into
many other states. By 1847 she had travelled from Nova Scotia to the
Gulf of Mexico, and had visited 18 state penitentiaries, 300 county
gaols and houses of correction, and