he official in a cathedral who copied and took care of the
music and books.

~Paul's Chain~: so called because traffic was stopped by a chain during
the hours of service.

26. THE RELIGIOUS HOUSES.

~Forester~: one who has charge of a forest to cut wood, plant new trees,
&c.

~vicar~: one who acts in place of another; hence a priest who on behalf
of his monastery conducted services in a parish church.

~orders~: the different brotherhoods into which monks were divided.

~indiscriminate charity~: giving without thinking, whether the charity
is well or ill bestowed.

~Minorites~: monks or nuns belonging to the Franciscan Order, who in
their humility called themselves the 'lesser' (_minores_) brethren, or
sisters.

~Blackfriars~ were the Dominicans; ~Whitefriars~ were the Carmelites;
~Greyfriars~ were Franciscans, from the colour of their respective
dresses.

~Charter House~: the house of the Carthusian monks.

~Temple~: once the house of the ~Templars~, an order of knights whose
duty it was to protect the Holy Sepulchre.

~part of the church ... still to be seen~: at Clerkenwell the gate of
the priory of St. John's is still standing.

27. MONKS, FRIARS, AND NUNS.

~Indiscriminately~: without making any distinctions between them.

~hermit~, from the Greek, and ~solitary~, from the Latin, mean the same
thing--one who retires from the world and lives in a lonely place.

~Monte Casino~, in Campania, near Naples, where St. Benedict established
his monastery in 529 A.D.

~St. Benedict~ is often shortened to Benet, as in the name of several
London churches.

~austerities~: severe rules of life and conduct.

~Friars~, or brethren (French _freres_, Latin _fratres_): those orders
that went forth to the people.

~Assisi~: a town in Central Italy where St. Francis was born.

~St. Dominic~: born in Castile, in Spain, 1170, died 1221; founded his
order to convert 'heretics,' and procured the establishment of the
~Inquisition~, or court for punishing heretics.

~Sanctuary~: a refuge where criminals were safe from the law. Sir W.
Scott in the 'Fortunes of Nigel' well describes the lawless character of
this district in the reign of James I.

~St. Bernard~: a celebrated brother of the Cistercian Order (born 1091,
died 1153).

28. THE LONDON CHURCHES.

~St. Augustine~ was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 597 to convert the
heathen English: he was the 'Apostle of the English,' and first
Archbishop of C