atic taste and achievement."

VIII.

The German city has managed to combine efficiency with freedom. She
has managed to establish a strong executive and yet to safeguard the
will of the people. In France the Mayor is appointed by the State, and
he is the tool of the Ministry. In Great Britain the City Fathers are
honorary and unpaid. In Germany they are salaried servants, and yet
elected by the people. In Great Britain magistrates are temporary,
ephemeral figure-heads. They are not even allowed time to serve their
apprenticeship. They remain in office one, two, or at most three
years, receive a knighthood in the larger provincial towns, and retire
into private life. In Germany the Burgomaster and Aldermen are
permanent servants, at first elected for twelve years, and on
re-election appointed for life. Their whole life is identified with
the interests of the city.

There lies the originality of German civic government, and there lies
the secret of municipal efficiency. The German Mayor and council are
experts. City government is becoming so technical a science that there
are now schools of civic administration established in several parts
of the German Empire. The city administrator is not a grocer or a
draper temporarily raised to office, nor are they only town clerks and
officials. They have both the confidence of the people and the
responsibility of power, and they are given time to achieve results,
to follow up a systematic policy.

IX.

The whole secret of German municipal government is told by Mr. Dawson
in a footnote of his book:

"The chief Mayor of Duisburg is about to seek well-earned rest after
thirty-four years of work. When in 1880 he took over the direction of
the town's affairs, Duisburg had 34,000 inhabitants. To-day Duisburg,
with the amalgamated Ruhrort and Meiderich, has a population of
244,000. This remarkable development is specially due to the
far-sighted municipal policy pursued by the chief Mayor, who made it
his endeavour to attract new industries to the State for the creation
of the docks--as the result of which Duisburg is the largest inland
port in the world--and the incorporation of Ruhrort and Meiderich in
1905."

This footnote illustrating the history of Duisburg might serve equally
well as an illustration for the history of other German towns. On
reading that footnote I could not help thinking of a famous English
statesman whose recent death has closed a stirring chapter of B