of nations; that those types
are endowed with specific anatomical and physiological characteristics,
and that those physiological characteristics carry with them equally
definite moral, intellectual, and political qualities.

And there is a second assumption which is the corollary of the first.
Not only is there a separation of races, there is also an inequality
of races. "L'Inegalite des Races humaines" is the title of the
epoch-making book of Count de Gobineau. The "Separation of Race" is a
biological and objective fact. But to that biological fact we must add
a moral and subjective distinction. Some races are noble, others are
ignoble. Some races are born to rule, other races are born to obey, to
be "hewers of wood and drawers of water." The Slav is born a slave to
be controlled by the Germans. The Serbian is born a serf to be
controlled by the Austrians. The Bohemian is an outcast. The Pole is a
drunkard. The Celt is a weakling. The Anglo-Saxon is a mercenary. The
Russian is a Tatar and a brute.

V.

The German race theory is propped up by a formidable array of
so-called scientific proofs. All the auxiliary disciplines of biology,
botany and zoology, physiology and anatomy, are enlisted in the
service of anthropology and ethnology. The question as to whether a
particular nation is a _Kultur Volk_ or whether it is only a rabble of
slaves depends entirely on whether the facies is square or oval,
brachycephalic or oligocephalic. It depends entirely--to use the
pedantic jargon of the anthropologist--on the "cephalic index" of the
race.

The historical sciences are called in to support the conclusions of
ethnology. It is especially philology which is the most efficient
instrument demonstrating the existence and the superiority of a
distinct race. Just as anatomy reveals to us the structure of the
cranium, so philology reveals to us the structure of the mind. The
philologist reveals the genealogies of words even as the
anthropologist studies the genealogies of races.

In the burning controversies which for the last generation have
divided the Tchech and Magyar and Croatian and Roumanian races of the
Austrian Empire, it is the philologists who have acted as umpires. In
Vienna philologists like von Jagic have all the authority and prestige
of statesmen. Similarly, in the Balkan States, Serbians and
Bulgarians, Roumanians and Greeks, find conclusive evidence of their
respective rights in the dialects of the Macedon