afir', or
unbeliever. [W. H. S.] Prince Shah Jahan (Khurram) rebelled against
his father, Jahangir, in A.D. 1623, and submitted in A.D. 1625. The
terrible punishment inflicted by Shah Jahan when Emperor on the
Portuguese of Hugli (Hooghly) is related by Bernier (Constable's ed.,
pp. 177, 287). The Emperor had previously destroyed the Jesuits'
church at Lahore completely, and the greater part of the church at
Agra.

8. The cleverness, astuteness, energy, and business capacity of
Aurangzeb are undoubted, and yet his long reign was a disastrous
failure. The author reflects the praises of Muhammadans who cherish
the memory of the 'namazi'. The Emperor himself knew better when, in
his old ago, he wrote to his son Azam the pathetic words, 'I have not
done well by the country or its people. My years have gone by
profitless' (Lane-Poole's version in _Aurangzib_ (Rulers of India),
p. 203. Letter No. 72 in Bilimoria, _Letters of Aurungzbe_, Bombay,
1908. Another version in E. and D. vii, 562.) His reign lasted for
almost forty-nine years, from June 1658 to February 1707, and not for
only forty years.

9. The real tombs are in the vault below. Beautiful cenotaphs stand
under the dome. The inscription on the tomb of the Empress is exactly
repeated on her cenotaph, and runs thus:-
'The splendid sepulchre of Arjumand Bano Begam, entitled Mumtaz
Mahall, deceased in the year 1040 Hijri.'

The epitaph on Shah Jahan's tomb is as follows:-
'The sacred sepulchre of His Moat Exalted Majesty, nesting in
Paradise, the Second Lord of the Conjunction, Shah Jahan, the
Emperor. May his mausoleum ever flourish. Year 1076 Hijri.'

The inscription on Shah Jahan's cenotaph adds more titles and gives
the exact date of death as 'the night of Rajab 28, A.H. 1076'. 1040
Hijri corresponds with the period from July 31, A.D. 1630 to July 19,
1631; and 1076 Hijri with the period July 4, A. D. 1665 to June 23,
1666, Old Style. The dates in New Style would be ten days later.

The epithet 'nesting in Paradise' (_firdaus ashiyani_) was the
official posthumous title of Shah Jahan, frequently used by
historians instead of his name.

The title 'Second Lord of the Conjunction' means that Shah Jahan was
held to have been born under the fortunate conjunction of Venus and
Jupiter, as his ancestor Timur had been.

10. The details in the text are inaccurate. Arjumand Bano Begam,
daughter of Asaf Khan, brother of Nur Jahan, the queen of Jahangir,
was bo