trial freedom.

The constitution of the political State and the dissolution of civic
society into independent individuals--whose relation is right, as the
relation of the members of Estates and of guilds was privilege--is
accomplished in one and the same act. But the individual as a member
of civic society, the unpolitical individual, necessarily appears as
the natural individual. The rights of man appear as natural rights,
for the self-conscious activity concentrates itself upon the political
act. The egoistic individual is the sediment of the dissolved society,
the object of immediate certitude, and therefore a natural object. The
political revolution dissolves the civic society into its constituent
parts without revolutionizing and subjecting to criticism those parts
themselves. It regards bourgeois society, the world of needs, of
labour, of private interests, as the foundation of its existence, as
an assumption needing no proof, and therefore as its natural basis.
Lastly, the individual as a member of bourgeois society counts as the
proper individual, as the man in contradistinction to the citizen,
because he is man in his sensual, individual, closest existence,
whereas political man is only the abstract, artificial individual, the
individual as an allegorical, moral person. The real man is only
recognized in the shape of the egoistic individual, the true man is
only recognized in the shape of the abstract citizen.

The abstraction of the political man was very well described by
Rousseau: _He who dares undertake to give instructions to a nation
ought to feel himself capable as it were of changing human nature; of
transforming every individual who in himself is a complete and
independent whole into part of a greater whole, from which he receives
in some manner his life and his being; of altering man's constitution,
in order to strengthen it; of substituting a social and moral
existence for the independent and physical existence which we have all
received from nature. In a word, it is necessary to deprive man of his
native powers, in order to endow him with some which are alien to him,
and of which he cannot make use without the aid of other people._

All emancipation leads back to the human world, to relationships, to
men themselves.

Political emancipation is the reduction of man, on the one side, to
the member of bourgeois society, to the egoistic, independent
individual, on the other side, to the citizen, to t