ial but universal, not confined
to the factory districts, but co-extensive with the country
districts. The movements are not here in their initial stages; they
have recurred periodically for almost a century.

Now how does the English bourgeoisie and the government and Press
which are connected with it regard pauperism?

So far as the English bourgeoisie places the responsibility for
pauperism on politics, the Whig regards the Tory and the Tory the Whig
as the cause of pauperism. According to the Whig, the monopoly of
large landed property and the prohibitive legislation against the
import of corn constitute the chief source of pauperism. According to
the Tory, the whole evil is due to Liberalism, to competition, to a
factory system that has been carried too far. Neither of the parties
finds the cause to reside in politics generally, but each rather in
the policy of its opponent; of a reform in society neither party
dreams.

The most decisive expression of the English insight into pauperism--we
refer always to the insight of the English bourgeoisie and
government--is English political economy, that is the scientific
reflexion of English economic conditions.

MacCulloch, one of the best and most famous of English political
economists, who knows existing conditions and has doubtless a clear
insight into the movement of bourgeois society, a pupil of the cynical
Ricardo,[9] ventured at a public lecture, amidst applause, to apply to
political economy what Bacon said of philosophy: "The man who with
true and untiring wisdom suspends his judgment, who progresses
gradually, surmounting one after the other the obstacles which impede
like mountains the course of study, will in time reach the summit of
knowledge, where rest and pure air may be enjoyed, where Nature offers
herself to the eye in all her beauty, and whence one may descend by a
convenient path to the last details of practice." Good pure air, the
pestilential atmosphere of the English cellar dwellings.

Great natural beauties, the picturesque rags of the English poor, and
the shrivelled flesh of the women, ravaged by work and poverty;
children lying in dirt; and the stunted creatures produced by overwork
in the one-sided processes of the factories! And the most charming
last details of practice: prostitution, murder and the gallows!

Middle class Englishmen who are most alive to the danger of pauperism
have an inadequate idea of its causes.

For instance Dr Ka