als traversed by the voice in uttering the concrete are very
variable. Using the musical scale for reference it may be said that in
ordinary speech they are generally of but one, or, at most, two notes.
In animated discourse or passionate utterance the intervals may be
greater. For illustration, let the pronoun "_I_" be uttered in a tone of
interrogative surprise; a concrete with a rising interval will be the
result. The more the surprise is emphasized, especially if indignation
be conjoined with it, the greater will be the interval that the voice
passes through in uttering the concrete. If the word "_lie_" be given
immediately after the pronoun with the same intensity of feeling, the
voice discretely descends from the high pitch heard at the end of the
utterance of the pronoun, and in uttering the next concrete, again
ascends through an interval, of less or more extent according to the
emphasis which is imparted to it.

Again, in speech of sorrow, murmuring, piteous complaint, and the like,
concrete intervals of less extent than those used in ordinary discourse
are often heard. Thus, if the sentence "_Pity me, kind lady, I have no
mother_," be uttered with a plaintive expression, concretes with small
intervals will be distinctly noticeable; but it will be also noticed
that with respect to one another the syllables are discretely uttered,
just as in the sentence where the concrete intervals were much greater.

Without intending a scientifically accurate and rigid statement, it may
be said (again borrowing the terminology of music) that in ordinary
speech the concretes are uttered with intervals of a _second_, or at
most a _third_; that in very expressive or impassioned utterance
intervals of a _fifth_ or an _octave_ are frequently used; and that the
mode of progression from syllable to syllable is _diatonic_, that is,
not concretely, but discretely from tone to tone; and further, that in
plaintive language, the syllables are uttered concretely with intervals
of a _semitone_ only, but that the mode of progression from syllable to
syllable is still discrete.

Sometimes, but rarely, syllables are uttered _tremulously_, or with a
_tremor_; that is, with constituent intervals of less than a semitone,
uttered discretely in rapid succession, and passing, in the aggregate,
through an interval of more or less width. An exaggerated form of this
utterance may be heard in the neighing of a horse.

EXERCISE.--1. Utter the syl