is by means of _stress_, or
force applied to some part or to all of its extent. The different
variations may be described as follows:

(1) =Radical Stress=, where force is applied to the opening of the
concrete. (It should be said that a slight degree of radical stress is
given even in the equable concrete, producing its full, clear opening.)

(2) =Loud Concrete=, where force is applied throughout the whole
concrete, the proportion of the radical to the vanish remaining
unaltered.

(3) =Median Stress=, where force is applied to the middle of the
concrete, producing a swell, or impressive fulness.

(4) =Compound Stress=, where force is applied in an unusual degree
to each extremity of the concrete.

(5) =Final Stress=, where force is applied to the end of the concrete,
the radical stress being somewhat diminished in fulness.

(6) =Thorough Stress=, where force is so applied that the concrete has
the same fulness throughout.

EXERCISE.--With the syllable _pae_ exemplify the _equable
concrete_ and the several varieties of _stress_, using different
degrees of initial or radical pitch, and the various intervals
of the tone, semitone, third, fifth, and octave. The exercises
for the radical stress should be first aspirated, then repeated
with full vocality.

Besides the forms of the simple rising and falling intervals in which
the concrete is generally uttered, there is another form, called the
=wave=, effected by a union of these modes. It is of two varieties: (1)
where a rising movement is continued into a falling movement, called the
=direct wave=; (2) where a falling movement is continued into a rising
movement, called the =inverted wave=. Waves may pass through all
varieties of intervals, and may be either (1) _equal_, where the voice
in both members passes through the same interval; or (2) _unequal_,
where in one flexion the interval traversed by the voice is greater than
in the other.

EXERCISE.--With the syllable _p[=a]_ exemplify the different
kinds of _waves_, with the same variations of radical pitch,
interval, and stress, as before.

The elementary sounds of speech are of three natural divisions; the
_tonics_, the _subtonics_, and the _atonics_.

The =Tonics= are the simple vowels and diphthongs. They are of perfect
vocality; they admit the concrete rise and fall through all the
intervals of pitch; they may be uttered with more abruptness than the
other elements; a