nd being capable of indefinite prolongation they can
receive the most perfect exemplification of the vanishing movement. They
may be said to be: _[a:]_, as in _all_; _ae_, as in _arm_; _[.a]_, as in
_ask_; _[)a]_, as in _an_; _[=a]_, as in _ate_; _a_, as in _air_;
_[=e]_, as in _eve_; _[)e]_, as in _end_; _e_, as in _err_; _[=i]_, as
in _ice_; _[)i]_, as in _inn_; _[=o]_, as in _old_; _oe_, as in _or_;
_[)o]_, as in _odd_; _[=u]_, as in _use_; _[)u]_, as in _up_;
_[=o][=o]_, as in _ooze_; _[)o][)o]_, as in _book_; _oi_, as in _oil_;
_ou_, as in _out_. (There are various ways of arranging and classifying
these.)

EXERCISE.--Exemplify generally the equable concrete, loud
concrete, radical stress, and median stress, with upward and
downward intervals, with clear, sharp openings, and with
gradually attenuated vanishes, upon each of the _tonic
elements_.

The =Subtonics= possess the properties of vocality and prolongation in
some degree, but much less perfectly than the tonics, and their vocality
(known as the _vocal murmur_) is the same for all. They are as
follows:--_b_, _d_, _g_, _v_, _z_, _y_, _w_ (as in _woe_), _th_ (as in
_then_), _zh_ (as _z_ in _azure_), j (as in _judge_, by some considered
not elementary), _l_, _m_, _n_, _ng_ (as in _sing_), _r_ (as in _ran_),
and _r_ (as in _far_). They can not, without great effort, be given an
abrupt opening, and so are not capable of much radical fulness, but from
their property of vocality they can receive, to a considerable degree,
an exemplification of the vanishing movement.

EXERCISE.--Utter the word _bud_ slowly, and detach from the rest
of the word the obscure murmur heard in pronouncing the first
letter: this is the _subtonic_ represented by _b_. Utter this
sound with different degrees of initial pitch, and with
different intervals, both downward and upward. Produce as full
an opening of the radical movement as possible, but do not
attempt to give it much stress. Obtain in every case a distinct
vanish. Be careful not to convert the subtonic into a tonic.
Proceed in a similar manner with the other subtonics. Then,
distinctly obtaining the subtonics, unite them severally with
the sound of _ae_, first forcibly, then more gently, producing
such syllables as _bae_, _dae_, etc., which may be rendered with
upward and downward intervals, and with different degrees of
initial pitch. Finally, with such