Kalpasutra,_ ibid. pp. 217-270. The above may
be compared with Jacobi's representation, ibid. pp. x-xviii. where most of
the identifications of the places named are given, and _Kalpasutra_
introd. p. ii. We have to thank Dr. Hoernle for the important information
that Vardhamana's birthplace Ku[n.][d.]apura is still called Vasukund:
_Upasakada['s]a Sutra_ p. 4. Note 3. The information on the schisms of
the Jainas is collected by Lemmann in the _Indische Studien_, Bd.
XVII, S. 95 ff.]

On consideration of this information, it immediately strikes one, that the
scene of Vardhamana's activity is laid in the same part of India as Buddha
laboured in, and that several of the personalities which play a part in
the history of Buddha also appear in the Jaina legend. It is through the
kingdoms of Kosala, Videha and Magadha, that Buddha is said to have
wandered preaching, and their capitals ['S]ravasti and Rajag[r.]iha are
just the places named, where he founded the largest communities. It is
also told of the inhabitants of Vai['s]ali that many turned to his
doctrine. Many legends are told of his intercourse and friendship with
Bimbisara or ['S]re[n.]ika, king of Videha, also of the murder of the
latter by his son Ajata['s]atru, who, tortured with remorse, afterwards
approached Buddha; mention is also made of his brother Abhayakumara,
likewise Makkhali Gosala is mentioned among Buddha's opponents and rivals.
It is thus clear that the oldest Jaina legend makes Vardhamana a fellow
countryman and contemporary of Buddha, and search might be suggested in
the writings of the Buddhists for confirmation of these assumptions. Such
indeed are to be found in no small number.

Even the oldest works of the Singalese Canon,--which date apparently from
the beginning of the second century after Buddha's death, or the fourth
century B.C., and which at any rate had their final edition in the
third,--frequently mention an opposing sect of ascetics, the
Niga[n.][t.]ha, which the northern texts, written in Sanskrit, recognise
among the opponents of Buddha, under the name Nirgrantha, whom an old
_Sutra_ [Footnote: The _Mahaparinibba[n.]a Sutta_, in
_S.B.E_. Vol. XI, p. 106.] describes as "heads of companies of
disciples and students, teachers of students, well known, renowned,
founders of schools of doctrine, esteemed as good men by the multitude".
Their leader is also named; he is called in Pali Nataputta, in Sanskrit
Jnatiputra, that is the son of Jna