ery species of violence and crime which his republican
army were capable of committing.

Napoleon advancing southward now overran Tuscany, where he showed
how the French directory respected neutrality by taking possession of
Leghorn, and seizing all the goods belonging to the English, Portuguese,
and others, in the warehouses of that great free port. Subsequently
he plundered the states and possessions of the pope; and when Pius VI.
dispatched envoys to sue for terms, he granted an armistice only at
the following price:--15,000,000 francs in cash, and 6,000,000 in
provisions, horses, &c.; a number of paintings, ancient statues and
vases, and five hundred manuscripts from the Vatican; the cession of the
provinces of Bologna and Ferrara; the cession of the port and citadel of
Ancona; and the closing of all the papal ports to the English and their
allies. The spoiler was recalled from this work by intelligence that old
Wurmser was marching against him from the Valley of Trento, with an army
consisting of nearly 60,000 men. Napoleon was besieging Mantua when he
heard of the approach of the German veteran; and drawing his army from
thence, he hastened to meet his enemy. Unhappily for Wurmser's success,
he had divided his forces; while he himself moved with the larger
portion along the eastern shore of the lake of Guarda, he sent
Quosnadowich with the other division along the western bank. This was
a fatal error. Buonaparte instantly threw the entire weight of his
concentrated forces upon Quosnadowich and crushed him at Lonato; and
then sought Wurmser with a force nearly double to that of the
Austrians; and in two battles, fought on the 3rd and 5th of August, near
Castiglione, defeated him, and drove him back into the Tyrol, with the
loss of his artillery and several thousand men. But though defeated, the
Austrian general was not subdued. Striking across the mountains to the
east of Trento, and descending the valley of the Brente, the old general
again entered Italy, and advanced to Bassano. Here he was joined by some
reinforcements from Carinthia; but Napoleon followed hard after him, and
he was compelled to throw himself into the fortress of Mantua. It was
on the 14th of September that Wurmser shut himself up in Mantua; and
shortly after two fresh Austrian armies, raised chiefly through another
subsidy from England, descended into Italy; one of which, under Marshal
Alvinzi, descended from Carinthia upon Belluno, and the othe