hree lower orders of the assembly; which act gave him
unlimited power, and invested him with the right of waging war without
the consent of the states; made all classes of society equal in rights
of property and security, and all places and offices accessible to the
citizens; and established colleges of government, responsible to the
king, instead of the senate of the kingdom, whose authority had been
independent. The aristocratic senate of Stockholm, which had been
abridged of its powers in the revolution of 1772, was now entirely
suppressed, and while many of the members were arrested and thrown
into prison, others fled to St. Petersburgh, where they lived under the
protection of the czarina. Gustavus now hastened back to his banners
on the Russian boundary, and in the course of this year, 1789,
several severe and bloody actions took place, in most of which he was
victorious. Towards the close of the campaign, however, while in Russian
Finland, his galley-fleet, which moved along shore and co-operated with
his army, was defeated by a more numerous galley-fleet belonging to the
czarina, and having lost many of his best troops, he was compelled to
evacuate the Russian territories and retreat across his own frontier.
After this both armies went into winter-quarters.

In the meantime, notwithstanding the exertions made both by England and
Prussia to restore peace, war continued between the imperial courts
of Austria, Russia, and the Porte. Early in this year's campaign, the
Austrians overran the greater part of Wallachia, and Moldavia, and
the Prince of Saxe Cobourg, who commanded them, being joined by the
Russians under Suvaroff, gained a great victory over the grand army
of the Turks at Martinitzi. Subsequently, Belgrade was captured by the
Austrians, and on the northern frontier the Russian General Potemkin
defeated another Turkish army, at a place called Tabac, not far from the
town of Bender. Flushed with victory Potemkin sat down before Bender,
but though the garrison was a small one, and the fortifications
contemptible, it was not captured till its walls were utterly demolished.
Before winter set in the Russians captured several places on the shores
of the Black Sea, and others on the Dniester and the Danube. They had,
indeed, reduced almost every important place between the Danube and
the Bog and Dnieper. On the other hand, the Turkish fleet defeated the
czarina's flotilla or flotillas, on the Black Sea, and succes