16, of whom 772 were foreign-born; (1910)
11,454. It is served by the Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia, Baltimore &
Washington, the Philadelphia & Reading, and the Northern Central
railways, and by interurban electric railways. The river here is about a
mile wide, and a considerable portion of the borough is built on the
slope of a hill which rises gently from the river-bank and overlooks
beautiful scenery. The Pennsylvania railway has repair shops here, and
among Columbia's manufactures are silk goods, embroidery and laces, iron
and steel pipe, engines, laundry machinery, brushes, stoves, iron toys,
umbrellas, flour, lumber and wagons; the city is also a busy shipping
and trading centre. Columbia was first settled, by Quakers, in 1726; it
was laid out as a town in 1787; and in 1814 it was incorporated. In 1790
it was one of several places considered in Congress for a permanent site
of the national capital.

COLUMBIA, the capital city of South Carolina, U.S.A., and the
county-seat of Richland county, on the E. bank of the Congaree river, a
short distance below the confluence of the Saluda and the Broad rivers,
about 130 m. N.W. of Charleston. Pop. (1890) 15,353; (19O0) 21,108, of
whom 9858 were negroes; and (1910) 26,319. It is served by the Atlantic
Coast Line, the Southern, the Seaboard Air Line, and the Columbia,
Newberry & Laurens railways. Columbia is picturesquely situated on the
level top of a bluff overlooking the Congaree, which falls about 36 ft.
in passing by, but is navigable for the remainder of its course. The
surrounding country is devoted chiefly to cotton culture. The state
house, United States government building and city hall are fine
structures. Some of the new business houses are ten or more storeys in
height. The state penitentiary and the state insane asylum are located
here, and Columbia is an important educational centre, being the seat of
the university of South Carolina, the Columbia College for women
(Methodist Episcopal South, 1854), the College for women (Presbyterian,
1890), and the Presbyterian Theological Seminary (1828); and the Allen
University (African Methodist Episcopal; coeducational, 1880), and the
Benedict College (Baptist) for negroes. The University of South
Carolina, organized in 1801 and opened in 1805, was known as South
Carolina College in 1805-1863, 1878-1887 and 1891-1906, and as the
university of South Carolina in 1866-1877, 1888-1891 and after 1906; in
1907-1908 it