stage of water, and as high as 1,000,000 cub. ft.
in time of flood. Improvements were undertaken by the Federal government
and a state commission in 1902 in order to secure a 25-ft. channel from
Portland to the sea.

In 1792, and possibly also in 1788, the river mouth was entered by
Captain Robert Gray (1755-1806) of Boston, Mass., who named the river
after his own vessel, "Columbia," which name has wholly supplanted the
earlier name, "Oregon." In 1804-1805 the river was explored by
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Upon these discoveries the United
States primarily based its claim to the territory now embraced in the
states of Oregon and Washington.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, one of the oldest and most important of the higher
institutions of learning in the United States, located for the most part
on Morningside Heights, New York city. It embraces Columbia College,
founded as King's College in 1754; a school of medicine (the College of
Physicians and Surgeons) founded in 1767, in West 59th Street; a school
of law, founded in 1858; schools of applied science, including a school
of mines and schools of chemistry and engineering, separately organized
in 1896; a school of architecture, organized in 1881; graduate schools
of political science, organized in 1880, philosophy, organized in 1890,
and pure science, organized in 1892; and a school of journalism; closely
affiliated with it are the College of Pharmacy, founded in 1829, in West
68th Street; Teachers' College, founded in 1886, as the New York College
for the Training of Teachers, and essentially a part of the university
since 1899; and Barnard College (for women) founded in 1889, and
essentially a part of the university since 1900. Reciprocal relations
also exist between the university and both the General Theological
Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church and the Union Theological
Seminary, thus practically adding to the university a theological
department. Columbia also nominates the American professors who lecture
at German universities by the reciprocal arrangement made in 1905, the
German professors lecturing in America being nominated by the Prussian
ministry of education. Women are now admitted to all the university
courses except those in law, medicine, technology and architecture.
Since 1900 a summer session has been held for six weeks and attended
largely by teachers. Teachers and others, under the direction of the
Teachers' College, are afforded