e 37: Instead of "north of," the true reading probably is
"beyond" the Dwina. ]

[Footnote 38: Huberti Langueti _Epistoloe Secretoe_, Halae, 1699, i.
171. Compare also a paper by A.G. Ahlquist, in _Ny Illustrerad
Tidning_ for 1875, p. 270. ]

[Footnote 39: The first to incite to voyages of discovery in the
polar regions was an Englishman, Robert Thorne, who long lived at
Seville. Seeing all other countries were already discovered by
Spaniards and Portuguese, he urged Henry VIII. in 1527 to undertake
discoveries in the north. After reaching the Pole (going
sufficiently far north) one could turn to the east, and, first
passing the land of the Tartars, get to China and so to Malacca, the
East Indies, and the Cape of Good Hope, and thus circumnavigate the
"whole world." One could also turn to the west, sail along the back
of Newfoundland, and return by the Straits of Magellan (Richard
Hakluyt, _The Principael Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of
the English Nation, &c._, London, 1589, p. 250). Two years before,
Paulus Jovius, on the ground of communications from an ambassador
from the Russian Czar to Pope Clement VII., states that Russia is
surrounded on the north by an immense ocean, by which it is
possible, if one keeps to the right shore, and if no land comes
between, to sail to China. (Pauli Jovii _Opera, Omnia_, Basel, 1578,
third part, p. 88; the description of Russia, inserted there under
the title "Libellus de legatione Basilii ad Clementem VII.," was
printed for the first time at Rome in 1525.) ]

[Footnote 40: In the year 1540, London, exclusive of the Royal Navy,
had no more than four vessels, whose draught exceeded 120 tons
(Anderson, _Origin of Commerce_, London, 1787, vol. ii. p. 67). Most
of the coast towns of Scandinavia have thus in our days a greater
sea-going fleet than London had at that time. ]

[Footnote 41: For instance Article 30: "Item, if you shall see them
[the foreigners met with during the voyage] weare Lyons or Bears
skinnes, hauing long bowes, and arrowes, be not afraid of that
sight: for such be worne oftentimes more to feare strangers, then
for any other cause." (_Hakluyt_, 1st edition, p. 262.) ]

[Footnote 42: The endeavour to procure for this work a copy of an
original portrait of Cabot, stated to be in existence in England,
has unfortunately not been crowned with success. ]

[Footnote 43: According to Clement Adams' account of the voyage.
(_Hakluyt_, 1st edition, p. 271.) ]