[Footnote 44: "Cum ob corporis formam (erat enim procerae staturae)
tum ob singularem in re bellica industriam." Clement Adams'
account--_Hakluyt_, p. 271. ]

[Footnote 45: Ten days earlier or later are of very great importance
with respect to the state of the ice in summer in the Polar seas. I
have, therefore, in quoting from the travels of my predecessors,
reduced the old style to the new. ]

[Footnote 46: "Vibrantur bombardarum fulmina, Tartariae volvuntur
nubes, Martem sonant crepitacula, reboant summa montium juga,
reboant valles, reboant undae, claraque Nautarum percellit sydara
clamor." Clement Adams' account.--_Hakluyt_, p. 272. ]

[Footnote 47: At the time when the whale-fishing at Spitzbergen
commenced, Thomas Edge, a captain of one of the Muscovy Company's
vessels, endeavoured to show that the land which Willoughby
discovered while sailing about after parting company with Chancelor
was Spitzbergen (_Purchas_, iii. p. 462). The statement, which was
evidently called forth by the wish to monopolise the Spitzbergen
whale-fishing for England, can be shown to be incorrect. It has also
for a long time back been looked upon as groundless. Later inquirers
have instead supposed that the land which Willoughby saw was
Gooseland, on Novaya Zemlya. For reasons which want of space
prevents me from stating here, this also does not appear to me to be
possible. On the other hand, I consider it highly probable that
"Willoughby's Land" was Kolgujev Island, which is surrounded by
shallow sand-banks. Its latitude has indeed in that case been stated
2 deg. too high, but such errors are not impossible in the determinations
of the oldest explorers. ]

[Footnote 48: The testator was Gabriel Willoughby, who, as merchant,
sailed in the commander's vessel. ]

[Footnote 49: _Hakluyt_, p. 500; _Purchas_, iii. p. 249, and in the
margin of p. 463. ]

[Footnote 50: It is of him that it is narrated in a letter written
from Moscow by Henrie Lane, that the Czar at an entertainment
"called them to his table, to receave each one a cuppe from his hand
to drinke, and tooke into his hand Master George Killingworths
beard, which reached over the table, and pleasantly delivered it the
Metropolitane, who seeming to bless it, sad in Russe, 'this is Gods
gift.'"--_Hakluyt_, p. 500. ]

[Footnote 51: As the Dwina lies to the south of Vardoehus, these
remarks probably relate to an earlier part of the voyage than that
which is referred to in the n