THE HUMAN MIND 155
X. THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 173
XI. DETERMINISM AND MORALS 191
XII. THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS 211
XIII. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE EMOTIONS 236

THIRD PART

ON MAN'S WELL-BEING

XIV. OF HUMAN BONDAGE 251
XV. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE MORAL LIFE 266
XVI. OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF A STATE 297
XVII. OF SUPREME AUTHORITIES 314
XVIII. FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH 333
XIX. OF HUMAN FREEDOM 345
XX. OF HUMAN BLESSEDNESS AND THE ETERNITY
OF THE MIND 361

APPENDIX 377

THE LIFE OF SPINOZA

Baruch de Spinoza was born into the Jewish community of Amsterdam on
November 24, 1632. His parents were Jews who had fled, along with many
others, from the vicious intolerance of the Inquisition to the limited
and hesitant freedom of Holland. At the time Spinoza was born, the
Jewish refugees had already established themselves to a certain extent
in their new home. They had won, for example, the important right to
build a synagogue. Still, they did not enjoy the complete freedom and
peace of mind of an independent and securely protected people. Although
one could be a Jew in Amsterdam, one had to be a Jew with considerable
circumspection. Whatever might prove in any way offensive to the
political authority had to be scrupulously eschewed. For, as is always
the case, minority groups which are simply tolerated have to suffer for
the offenses of any of their members. The Jews of Amsterdam thoroughly
understood this. They knew that any significant default on the part of
one member of their community would not, in all likelihood, be
considered by the authorities to be a default of that one person
alone--a failing quite in the order of human nature; they knew it would
be considered a manifestation of an essential vice characteristic of the
whole community. And the whole community would have to suffer, in
consequence, an exaggerated punishment which the individual delinquent
himself may well not merit.

It was inevitable that the intellectual life of the Jews of Amsterdam
should bear the marks of their inner and outer social constraints. Their
intellectual life was cramped and ineffectual. Indiscri