matter of industrial education as a means of giving the
black man the foundation of a civilisation upon which he will grow and
prosper. When I speak of industrial education, however, I wish it
always understood that I mean, as did General Armstrong, the founder
of the Hampton Institute, for thorough academic and religious training
to go side by side with industrial training. Mere training of the hand
without the culture of brain and heart would mean little.

The first slaves were brought into this country by the Dutch in 1619,
and were landed at Jamestown, Virginia. The first cargo consisted of
twenty. The census taken in 1890 shows that these twenty slaves had
increased to 7,638,360. About 6,353,341 of this number were residing
in the Southern States, and 1,283,029 were scattered throughout the
Northern and Western States. I think I am pretty safe in predicting
that the census to be taken in 1900 will show that there are not far
from ten millions of people of African descent in the United States.
The great majority of these, of course, reside in the Southern States.
The problem is how to make these millions of Negroes self-supporting,
intelligent, economical and valuable citizens, as well as how to bring
about proper relations between them and the white citizens among whom
they live. This is the question upon which I shall try to throw some
light in the chapters which follow.

When the Negroes were first brought to America, they were owned by
white people in all sections of this country, as is well known,--in
the New England, the Middle, and in the Southern States. It was soon
found, however, that slave labour was not remunerative in the Northern
States, and for that reason by far the greater proportion of the
slaves were held in the Southern States, where their labour in raising
cotton, rice, and sugar-cane was more productive. The growth of the
slave population in America was constant and rapid. Beginning, as I
have stated, with fourteen, in 1619, the number increased at such a
rate that the total number of Negroes in America in 1800 was
1,001,463. This number increased by 1860 to 3,950,000. A few people
predicted that freedom would result disastrously to the Negro, as far
as numerical increase was concerned; but so far the census figures
have failed to bear out this prediction. On the other hand, the census
of 1890 shows that the Negro population had increased from 3,950,000
in 1860 to 7,638,260 twenty-five years