ed population of two thousand to ten
thousand for towns, more than ten thousand for cities, more than one
hundred thousand for great cities. _Cf._ p. 16.

[2] See footnote at the end of this chapter. Weber, _op. cit._, pp.
146-154.

[3] Weber, _op. cit._, pp. 167-68; 173-74; 201-207. See also footnote
at end of chapter.

[4] Twelfth Census, _Bulletin 8, Negroes in the United States_, p. 29.

[5] Weber, _op. cit._, pp. 24-27, 162.

[6] Coman, _Industrial History of the United States_, Revised edition,
(New York, 1910), pp. 308-9.

[7] Kelsey, The Negro Farmer, (Chicago, 1903), pp. 5-103; _vide_ pp.
24-28. Du Bois, _The Negro Farmer_ in _Bulletin 8_, (Twelfth Census),
pp. 79-81.

[8] DuBois, _op. cit._, p. 77.

[9] Kelsey, _Some Causes of Negro Emigration: Charities_, New York,
vol. xv, no. 1, pp. 15-17; _cf._ DuBois, _op. cit._, pp. 73-74.

[10] _Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1909, table 143_, p.
261.

[11] Kellor. _Out of Work_, pp. 73, 83.

[12] Cf. Tucker, _Negro Craftsmen in New York_, in _Southern Workman_,
September, 1907, p. 550.

[13] For statute provisions of state governments, see _Twenty-second
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Labor Laws of the United
States_, pp. 129, sec. 4165; 133-135, secs. 6345-6856; 146-147, secs.
3695-3696, 3905, 4057; 153, secs. 5357-58, 5383; 155-56; acts of 1901,
no. 101, secs. 1-3; acts of 1905, no. 49, secs. 1-3; 157-59, act no.
219, sec. 1; act no. 225, secs. 7-18; 278, secs. 2530, 2641-42; 281,
sec. 3233-34; 291, sec. 4732; 495-501, secs. 1350, 2722-2739A; 706,
sec. 2139; 1228-29, secs. 2717-2720; 1231-32, secs. 338, 358; 1251-52,
secs. 3794, 4339-42; 1339-40, sec. 3657D. _Vide_ also, _Digest and
Summaries of Certain Classes of Laws Affecting Labor_,--_Mechanics'
Liens_, pp. 37-38, 43, 44, 49, 50, 55, 61-62, 70-72, 74.

[14] The laws referred to are framed in terms of the regulation of
contracts of employment, violation of contract, and contracts of
employment with intent to defraud. Breach of contract in either set of
cases is usually a misdemeanor (criminal act instead of a civil tort)
with a penalty of fines (or imprisonment in Florida). Often in
practical operation, they place the tenant and farm laborer at the
discretion or mercy of the landlord. The writer has made repeated
visits to many rural communities in Ala., Ga., Fla., Miss., and La.,
and has observed how these legislative measures serve as barriers to
thrift among the landle