rents and low incomes, lodgers made up of
married couples, parts of broken families and of individuals seriously
interfere with normal family life. The families are usually very small
in size, from two to four persons, and an increase in the size of the
family generally means an increase in the number of lodgers.

FOOTNOTES:

[43] The term "wage-earner", for want of a better, is used to
designate the group of persons belonging to families whose heads are
actual wage-workers. This includes children and some other family
members not in gainful occupations.

[44] _Cf._ Bailey, _Modern Social Conditions_, (New York, 1906), pp.
67-89.

[45] _Cf._ Twelfth Census, _Bulletin 8, Negroes in the United States_,
Table 31.

[46] DuBois, _Notes_, _etc._, p. 2.

[47] In a study of _Negro Craftsmen in New York City_ made by Miss
Helen A. Tucker in 1907 (_Vide_, _Southern Workman_, 1907, 36: 9, p.
550), she reported the most reliable estimate of the proportion of
West Indians in New York City as about one-tenth of the total Negro
population. The figures above substantiate such an estimate. Of the
385 men in Miss Tucker's study, 29.09 per cent were born in the West
Indies. Among the 94 who claimed to know a trade, 57 or 60.64 per cent
were born in the West Indies. _Cf. ibid._, 37: I, p. 45. This wide
variation of percentage from that given for 9,788 individuals in 1905,
probably arises because (1) of the larger number of cases in the
latter instance, (2) the returns are from two other districts of
Manhattan besides "the Sixties" of Miss Tucker's canvass, (3) Miss
Tucker canvassed male craftsmen only; the figures of this text cover
the whole population.

[48] Real estate agents, who have handled properties during the change
from white to Negro tenants, testified that Negro families upon moving
in pay from $2.00 to $5.00 more per apartment. Others corroborated
their statements. _Vide_ also, Chapin, _Standard of Living in New York
City_, pp. 76-77.

CHAPTER IV

OCCUPATIONS OF WAGE-EARNERS

I. AN HISTORICAL VIEW OF OCCUPATIONS

In the New Amsterdam Colony as early as 1628, slaves were sought as a
source of labor. These slaves were employed mainly in farm labor. In
that year the Dutch West India Company agreed to furnish slaves to the
colonists and the Company's largest farm was "cultivated by the
blacks."[49] Individuals were at liberty to import slaves for the same
purpose.[50] Both slaves and freedmen were used as