wkins' success coming to the notice of the avaricious
and ambitious Queen Elizabeth, she, five years later (1567), became
the open protector of a new expedition and sharer in the nefarious
traffic, thus becoming a promoter, abettor, and participant in all
its crimes.

To the "African Company," for a long period, was granted by England
a monopoly of the slave trade, but it could not be confined to this
company. In 1698, England exacted a tariff on the slave cargoes
of her subjects engaged in the trade.

From 1680 to 1700, by convention with Spain, the English, it is
estimated, stole from Africa 300,000 negroes to supply the Spanish
West Indies with slaves. By the treaty of Utrecht (1713) Spain
granted to England, during thirty years, the absolute monopoly of
supplying slaves to the Spanish colonies. By this treaty England
agreed to take to the West Indies not less than 144,000 negroes,
or 4800 each year; and, to guard against scandal to the Roman
Catholic religion, heretical slave-traders were forbidden. This
monopoly was granted by England to the "South Sea Company."

England did not confine her trade to the West Indies. In 1750, it
was shown in the English Parliament that 46,000 negroes were annually
sold to English colonies.( 6)

As early as 1565, Sir John Hawthorne and Menendez imported negroes
as slaves into Florida, then a Spanish possession, and with Spain's
sanction many were carried into the West Indies and sold into
slavery.

( 1) Epistle to Philemon.

( 2) The references to the Bible are taken from the most learned
advocates of the divinity of slavery, in its last years. _Ought
American Slavery to be Perpetuated?_ (Brownlow and Pryne debate),
p. 78, etc. _Slavery Ordained of God_ (Ross), 146, etc., 176, etc.

Rev. Frederick A. Ross, D. D. (the author), a celebrated Presbyterian
minister, was arrested in 1862 at Huntsville, Alabama, while it
was occupied by the Union forces, for praying from the pulpit for
the success of secession.

Parson Brownlow was a Union man in 1861, was much persecuted at
his home in Knoxville, Tenn., later advocated emancipation.

( 3) It is interesting to note that more than fifteen hundred
years (twelfth century) after Alexander's conquests, Saladin, the
great Sultan, and other Mohammedan rulers, and Richard Coeur de
Lion, and other crusade leaders in Syria, respectively, doomed
their captives to slavery, regardless of nationality or color.--
_Saladin_ (Heroes o