Owen Lovejoy, and others,
who spoke from pulpit, rostrum, and some in the halls of legislation;
others in the courts and through the press. The enforcement of
the fugitive-slave law was often violent, and always added new fuel
to the fierce and constantly growing opposition to slavery.

The Anti-Slavery party was not one wholly built on abstract sentiment
of philanthropists, but it involved physical resistance: Violence
to violence.

The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded at a National Anti-
Slavery Convention held in Philadelphia, in December, 1831.

Hard upon the establishment of the _Liberator_ came the Nat Turner
insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia (August, 1831). This
gave to the South a fresh ground to complain of the North. Turner's
insurrection was held to be the legitimate fruit of abolition
agitation. Turner was an African of natural capacity, who quoted
the Bible fluently, prayed vehemently, and preached to his fellow
slaves.

He told them, as did Joan of Arc, of "_Voices_" and "_Visions_,"
and of his communion with the Holy Spirit. An eclipse of the sun
was the signal to strike their enemies and for freedom. The massacre
lasted forty-eight hours, and sixty-one whites, women and children
not spared, were victims. On the other hand, negroes were shot,
tortured, hanged, and burned at the stake on whom the slightest
suspicion of complicity fell.

The Nat Turner negro slave insurrection is the only one known to
slavery in the United States. Others may possibly have been
contemplated. The John Brown raid was not a negro insurrection.
Even in the midst of the war (1861-65), believed by most slaves to
be a war for their freedom, insurrections were unknown.(55)

The African race, the most wronged through the centuries, has been
the most docile and the least revengeful of the races of the world.

(45) Confederate Con., Art. 1, Sec. 8, par. 1.

(46) The South in the days of slavery had, practically, no
manufactories.

(47) Benton, _Thirty Years' View_, vol. i., p. 343.

(48) Rhodes, _Hist. U. S._, vol. i., pp. 49-50.

(49) January 26, 1830.

(50) For this report and history see Benton's _Thirty Years' View_,
vol. i, pp. 580, etc.

(51) _Thirty Years' View_, vol. ii., chap. clxxxix.; Historical,
etc. Examination, _Dred Scott Case_ (Benton), p. 139.

(52) Historical, etc., Examination, _Dred Scott Case_ (Benton),
p. 141-4.

(53) _Ibid_., p. 181.

(54) Historical,