ravel all the way from Meshed to St Petersburg by rail and steamboat
than to traverse the short distance from Meshed to Teheran by road. On
the 16th of August cases began to occur in Hamburg; on the 19th of
August a fireman was taken ill at Grangemouth in Scotland, where he had
arrived the day before from Hamburg; and on the 31st of August a vessel
reached New York from the same port with cholera on board. On the 8th of
September the disease appeared in Galicia, having moved somewhat slowly
westwards across Russia into Poland, and on the 26th of September it was
in Budapest. Holland and Servia were also attacked, while isolated cases
were carried to Norway, Denmark and Italy. Meanwhile two entirely
separate epidemics were in progress elsewhere. The first was confined to
Arabia and the Somali coast of Africa, and was connected with the
remains of an outbreak in Syria and Arabia in 1890-1891. The second
arose mysteriously in France about the time when the overland invasion
started from India. The first known case occurred in the prison at
Nanterre, near Paris, on the 31st of March. Paris was affected in April,
and Havre in July. The origin of this outbreak, which was of a much less
violent character than that which came simultaneously by way of Russia,
was never ascertained. Its activity was confined to France, particularly
in the neighbourhood of Paris, together with Belgium and Holland, which
was placed between two fires, but escaped with but little mortality. The
number of persons killed by cholera in 1892, outside of India, was
reckoned at 378,449, and the vast majority of those died within six
months. The countries which suffered most severely were as
follows:--European Russia, 151,626; Caucasus, 69,423; Central Asian
Russia, 31,804; Siberia, 15,037--total for Russian empire, 267,890;
Persia, 63,982; Somaliland, 10,000; Afghanistan, 7,000; Germany, 9563;
France, 4550; Hungary, 1255; Belgium, 961. Curiously enough, the south
of Europe, which had been the scene of the previous epidemic visitation,
escaped. The disease was of the most virulent character. In European
Russia the mortality was 45.8% of the cases, the highest rate ever known
in that country; in Germany it was 51.3%; and in Austria-Hungary, 57.5%.
Of all the localities attacked, the case of Hamburg was the most
remarkable. The presence of cholera was first suspected on the 16th of
August, when two cases occurred, but it was not officially declared
until the 23