is a product of
historical development, whereas a race is a product of natural growth.
One speaks of a nation when a complex body of human beings is united by
living in the same land, by the same language, the same literature, the
same historical traditions, and the same general views of life. All
nations are a mixture of several diverse racial elements which in the
course of historical development have to a certain extent been united by
force of circumstances. The Swiss as a people are politically a nation,
although the component parts of the population of Switzerland are of
different national characters and even speak different languages.
Historical development in general, and in many cases force in
particular, have played a great part in the blending of diverse racial
elements into nations; just as they have played a great part in the
building up of States. The demand that every nation should have a
separate State of its own--the ideal of the so-called national
State--appears very late in history; it is a product of the last two
centuries, and it was not till the second half of the nineteenth century
that the so-called principle of nationality made its appearance and
gained great influence. It may well be doubted whether each nation, be
it ever so small, will succeed in establishing a separate State of its
own, although where national consciousness becomes overwhelmingly
strong, it will probably in every case succeed in time either in
establishing a State of its own, or at any rate in gaining autonomy. Be
that as it may, it is a question for the future; so much is certain,
what is intended now to be realised, is not a League of Nations, but a
League of States, although it is called a League of Nations.

IX. However, no League of Nations is possible unless the Central Powers,
and Germany in especial, are utterly defeated during the World War, and
that for two reasons.

One reason is that a great alteration of the map of Europe is an
absolutely necessary condition for the satisfactory working of a League
of Nations. Unless an independent Poland be established; unless the
problem of Alsace-Lorraine be solved; unless the Trentino be handed over
to Italy; unless the Yugo-Slavs be united with Servia; unless the
Czecho-Slovaks be freed from the Austrian yoke; and unless the problem
of Turkey and the Turkish Straits be solved, no lasting peace can be
expected in Europe, even if a League of Nations be established.

The ot