proprietors. The smallness and
large number of the communes, and the consequently large number of the
professional classes and officials, are other difficulties, which,
noticeable throughout Italy, are especially felt in Calabria. The
population of Calabria was 1,439,329 in 1901. The chief towns of the
province of Catanzaro were in 1901:--Catanzaro (32,005), Nicastro (18,150),
Monteleone (13,481), Cotrone (9545), total of province (1871) 412,226;
(1901) 498,791; number of communes, 152; of the province of Cosenza,
Cosenza (20,857), Corigliano Calabro (15,379), Rossano (13,354), S.
Giovanni in Fiore (13,288), Castrovillari (9945), total of province (1871)
440,468; (1901) 503,329, number of communes, 151; of the province of
Reggio, Reggio di Calabria (44,569), Palmi (13,346), Cittanova (11,782),
Gioiosa Ionica(11,200), Bagnara Calabra (11,136), Siderno Marina (10,775),
Gerace (10,572), Polistena (10,112); number of communes 106; total of
province (1871) 353,608; (1901) 437,209. A feature of modern Calabria is
the existence of several Albanian colonies, founded in the 15th century by
Albanians expelled by the Turks, who still speak their own language, wear
their national costume, and worship according to the Greek rite. Similar
colonies exist in Sicily, notably at Piana dei Greci near Palermo.

(T. AS.)

CALAFAT, a town of Rumania in the department of Doljiu; on the river
Danube, opposite the Bulgarian fortress of Vidin. Pop. (1900) 7113. Calafat
is an important centre of the grain trade, and is connected by a branch
line with the principal Walachian railways, and by a steam ferry with
Vidin. It was founded in the 14th century by Genoese colonists, who
employed large numbers of workmen (_Calfats_) in repairing ships--which
industry gave its name to the place. In 1854 a Russian force was defeated
at Calafat by the Turks under Ahmed Pasha, who surprised the enemy's camp.

CALAH (so in the Bible; _Kalah_ in the Assyrian inscriptions), an ancient
city situated in the angle formed by the Tigris and [v.04 p.0965] the upper
Zab, 19 m. S. of Nineveh, and one of the capitals of Assyria. According to
the inscriptions, it was built by Shalmaneser I. about 1300 B.C., as a
residence city in place of the older Assur. After that it seems to have
fallen into decay or been destroyed, but was restored by Assur-nasir-pal,
about 880 B.C., and from that time to the overthrow of the Assyrian power
it remained a residence city of the Assyrian