astical
buildings, two collegiate churches are especially noteworthy. Santa Maria,
originally a mosque, has a lofty octagonal tower and a fine Renaissance
doorway, added in 1528; while Santo Sepulcro, built in 1141, and restored
in 1613, was long the principal church of the Spanish Knights Templar. In
commercial importance Calatayud ranks second only to Saragossa among the
Aragonese towns, for it is the central market of the exceptionally fertile
expanse watered by the Jalon and Jiloca. About 2 m. E. are the ruins of the
ancient _Bilbilis_, where the poet Martial was born c. A.D. 40. It was
celebrated for its breed of horses, its armourers, its gold and its iron;
but Martial also mentions its unhealthy climate, due to the icy winds which
sweep down from the heights of Moncayo (7705 ft.) on the north. In the
middle ages the ruins were almost destroyed to provide stone for the
building of Calatayud, which was founded by a Moorish amir named Ayub and
named _Kalat Ayub_, "Castle of Ayub." Calatayud was captured by Alphonso I.
of Aragon in 1119.

CALATIA, an ancient town of Campania, Italy, 6 m. S.E. of Capua, on the Via
Appia, near the point where the Via Popillia branches off from it. It is
represented by the church of St. Giacomo alle Galazze. The Via Appia here,
as at Capua, abandons its former S.E. direction for a length of 2000 Oscan
ft. (18041/2 English ft.), for which it runs due E. and then resumes its
course S.E. There are no ruins, but a considerable quantity of debris; and
the pre-Roman necropolis was partially excavated in 1882. Ten shafts lined
with slabs of tufa which were there found may have been the approaches to
tombs or may have served as wells. The history of Calatia is practically
that of its more powerful neighbour Capua, but as it lay near the point
where the Via Appia turns east and enters the mountains, it had some
strategic importance. In 313 B.C. it was taken by the Samnites and
recaptured by the dictator Q. Fabius; the Samnites captured it again in
311, but it must have been retaken at an unknown date. In the 3rd century
we find it issuing coins with an Oscan legend, but in 211 B.C. it shared
the fate of Capua. In 174 we hear of its walls being repaired by the
censors. In 59 B.C. a colony was established here by Caesar.

See Ch. Huelsen in Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopaedie_, iii. 1334 (Stuttgart,
1899).

CALAVERAS SKULL, a famous fossil cranium, reported by Professor J.D.
Whitney as found (1886