he belief that he would exert too great influence over the
members. The precedent thus established has always been retained.

But since executive officers are often invited to present their views
before committees of Congress, they may, in this way, exert great
influence upon legislation.

CHAPTER IX.

HOW LAWS ARE MADE BY CONGRESS.

Methods of Procedure Developed by Custom.--Very little can be
learned directly from the Constitution concerning the actual methods
employed in the enactment of laws by Congress. In both houses the ways
in which business is conducted have been developed by custom; and they
have changed from time to time according to circumstances. These methods
of procedure are different from those in use when the government was
new. The principal reason for this is found in the growth of the amount
of business that Congress must consider; this, in turn, has been caused
by the growth of population and wealth, and by the expansion of business
relations throughout this country and with other nations.

I. _The Committee System._--An understanding of this system is necessary
in order that we may follow the steps taken in the making of laws. Two
facts made the committee system necessary in the houses of Congress. (1)
The number of members, especially in the House of Representatives, is so
large that business cannot be transacted quickly by the entire body. (2)
The number of bills introduced is so very great that it is impossible
for either house to consider all of them; hence it is necessary that
committees shall examine the bills and decide which are worthy of
consideration.

In the long session of the 61st Congress more than 33,000 bills
were introduced into the House. The number of committees in the
House was 61, the membership varying from 5 to 19. The most
important House committees are those on Ways and Means (which has
charge of all bills for raising revenue), Appropriations, Banking
and Currency, Foreign Affairs, and Military Affairs. In the Senate
of the 61st Congress there were 72 standing committees. The number
of members on a committee was in most cases 9 or 11. A few of the
Senate committees are those on Finance (corresponding to the
Committee on Ways and Means in the House), Agriculture, Commerce,
and Foreign Relations.

Both in the House and in the Senate every member is on some
committee, and some members have place