eeds of the country. The plan of having a message read in
each house by the clerk or secretary was introduced by President
Jefferson. Presidents Washington and Adams addressed, in person,
Congress assembled in joint session. Various reasons have been alleged
for this change. President Jefferson was a poor speaker, and it is said
that he regarded the formal address as monarchical. President Wilson
read his message before Congress in the special session of April, 1913.

Enforcement of the Laws.--The most important duty of the President
is to see that all laws passed by Congress are faithfully executed. Laws
are useless unless they are enforced, and it is chiefly for the
performance of this task that the Executive was originally created. It
is not contemplated that this duty shall be performed by him in person,
but through officials who are directly responsible to him. The United
States marshals and their deputies exercise a wide influence in seeing
that the laws are enforced. They usually act under an order from a
United States court, but may, at times, act without such a writ. If
necessary, the President may send the army and navy of the United States
or call out the militia of the States to overcome any resistance to
Federal law.

Each State possesses the power of enforcing its own laws and is of
right protected in the exercise of this prerogative. In case of an
insurrection, however, the State militia is sent by order of the
governor to suppress it. Should they fail to restore order, the
legislature, or the executive (when the legislature cannot be
convened), applies to the President for military aid.[49] If the
uprising has interfered in any way with the carrying out of the
laws of the nation, the President may, at his discretion, send
troops to suppress it without having been asked to do so by the
legislature or the governor. There was a notable illustration of
this point during the time of the Chicago riots, in July, 1894.

[Footnote 49: Article IV, Section 4. _The United States shall
guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of
government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on
application of the legislature, or the executive (when the
legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence._]

President Cleveland _vs_. The Governor of Illinois.--In
addition to destroying property belong