e an hour over the scribblings of
this shallow writer' (Stewart).

[174] Rosmini's _Origin of Ideas_ (English translation), i. 96-176.

[175] _Ibid._ i. 147 _n._

[176] Stewart's _Works_, iv. 29, 35, 38, and v. 149-88.

[177] _Ibid._ ii. 97, etc., and iii. 235, 389, 417.

[178] _Works_, vii. 13-34.

[179] _Ibid._ vii. 26, etc.

[180] _Works_, iv. 265.

[181] _Ibid._ ii. 52.

[182] _Ibid._ v. 10.

[183] _Works_, ii. 155.

[184] _Ibid._ ii. 337.

[185] _Works_, vi. 46; vii. 11.

[186] _Ibid._ vii. 46.

[187] _Ibid._ i. 357.

[188] _Works_, vi. 320.

[189] _Ibid._ vi. 279.

[190] _Ibid._ vi. 297.

[191] _Works_, vi. 295. Cf. v. 83.

[192] _Ibid._ vi. 298-99.

[193] _Ibid._ v. 84.

[194] In _Works_, vi. 205-6, he quotes Dumont's _Bentham_; but his
general silence is the more significant, as in the lectures on Political
Economy he makes frequent and approving reference to Bentham's tract
upon usury.

[195] _Works_, vii. 236-38.

[196] _Ibid._ vi. 221.

[197] _Works_, vi. 213.

[198] _Ibid._ vi. 199.

[199] _Works_, vi. 111.

[200] _Works_, v. 117 18. I have given some details as to Stewart's
suffering under an English proselyte of Kant in my _Studies of a
Biographer_.

CHAPTER V

BENTHAM'S LIFE

I. EARLY LIFE

Jeremy Bentham,[201] the patriarch of the English Utilitarians, sprang
from the class imbued most thoroughly with the typical English
prejudices. His first recorded ancestor, Brian Bentham, was a
pawnbroker, who lost money by the stop of the Exchequer in 1672, but was
neither ruined, nor, it would seem, alienated by the king's dishonesty.
He left some thousands to his son, Jeremiah, an attorney and a strong
Jacobite. A second Jeremiah, born 2nd December 1712, carried on his
father's business, and though his clients were not numerous, increased
his fortune by judicious investments in houses and lands. Although
brought up in Jacobite principles, he transferred his attachment to the
Hanoverian dynasty when a relation of his wife married a valet of George
II. The wife, Alicia Grove, was daughter of a tradesman who had made a
small competence at Andover. Jeremiah Bentham had fallen in love with
her at first sight, and wisely gave up for her sake a match with a
fortune of L10,000. The couple were fondly attached to each other and to
their children. The marriage took place towards the end of 1744, and the
eldest son, Jeremy, was born in Red Lion Street, Houndsditch, 4th