to disabuse the English of the idea that he was asserting
any independent claims; in some way the people felt that they were
being annexed to Spain, and they hated it.

The religious aim of the marriage, to aid in the restoration of
Catholicism, was also disliked. Cardinal Pole frankly avowed this
purpose, declaring that

as Christ, being heir of the world, was sent down by his
Father from the royal throne, to be at once Spouse and
Son of the Virgin Mary and to be made the Comforter
and Saviour of mankind; so, in like manner, the greatest
of all princes upon earth, the heir of his father's
kingdom, departed from his own broad and happy realms that
he, too, might come hither into this land of trouble, to be
the spouse and son of this virgin Mary . . . to aid in the
reconciliation of this people to Christ and the church.

For Mary herself the marriage was most unhappy. {319} She was a bride
of thirty-eight, already worn and aged by grief and care; her
bridegroom was only twenty-seven. She adored him, but he almost
loathed her and made her miserable by neglect and unfaithfulness. Her
passionate hopes for a child led her to believe and announce that she
was to have one, and her disappointment was correspondingly bitter.

So unpopular was the marriage coupled with the queen's religious
policy, that it led to a rebellion under Sir Thomas Wyatt. Though
suppressed, it was a dangerous symptom, especially as Mary failed to
profit by the warning. Her attempts to implicate her sister Elizabeth
in the charge of treason failed.

Had Mary's foreign policy only been strong it might have conciliated
the patriotic pride of the ever present jingo. But under her
leadership England seemed to decline almost to its nadir. The command
of the sea was lost and, as a consequence of this and of the military
genius of the Duke of Guise, Calais, held for over two centuries, was
conquered by the French. [Sidenote: 1558] With the subsequent loss of
Guines the last English outpost on the continent was reft from her.

[Sidenote: Religious policy]

Notwithstanding Mary's saying that "Calais" would be found in her heart
when she died, by far her deepest interest was the restoration of
Catholicism. To assist her in this task she had Cardinal Reginald
Pole, in whose veins flowed the royal blood of England and whom the
pope appointed as legate to the kingdom. Though Mary's own impulse was
to act strongly, she sensibl