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everally please. Therefore, e.g. religious establishments requiring subscription are Anti-christian. 10. There are rights of conscience such, that every one may lawfully advance a claim to profess and teach what is false and wrong in matters, religious, social, and moral, provided that to his private conscience it seems absolutely true and right. Therefore, e.g. individuals have a right to preach and practise fornication and polygamy. 11. There is no such thing as a national or state conscience. Therefore, e.g. no judgments can fall upon a sinful or infidel nation. 12. The civil power has no positive duty, in a normal state of things, to maintain religious truth. Therefore, e.g. blasphemy and sabbath-breaking are not rightly punishable by law. 13. Utility and expedience are the measure of political duty. Therefore, e.g. no punishment may be enacted, on the ground that God commands it: e.g. on the text, "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed." 14. The Civil Power may dispose of Church property without sacrilege. Therefore, e.g. Henry VIII. committed no sin in his spoliations. 15. The Civil Power has the right of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and administration. Therefore, e.g. Parliament may impose articles of faith on the Church or suppress Dioceses. 16. It is lawful to rise in arms against legitimate princes. Therefore, e.g. the Puritans in the 17th century, and the French in the 18th, were justifiable in their Rebellion and Revolution respectively. 17. The people are the legitimate source of power. Therefore, e.g. Universal Suffrage is among the natural rights of man. 18. Virtue is the child of knowledge, and vice of ignorance. Therefore, e.g. education, periodical literature, railroad travelling, ventilation, drainage, and the arts of life, when fully carried out, serve to make a population moral and happy. All of these propositions, and many others too, were familiar to me thirty years ago, as in the number of the tenets of Liberalism, and, while I gave into none of them except No. 12, and perhaps No. 11, and partly No. 1, before I began to publish, so afterwards I wrote against most of them in some part or other of my Anglican works. If it is necessary to refer to a work, not simply my own, but of the Tractarian school, which contains a similar protest, I should
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