losophical historian. Held a chair at Turin
and afterwards at Milan. As member of the Parliament of Piedmont he was
an opponent of Cavour's policy of a United Italy. His principal book is
entitled _Histoire des revolutions de l'Italie_, _ou Guelfes et
Gibelins_, published in Paris in four volumes between 1856 and 1858.

{241b} Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875). Philosopher and economic
writer, born at Wald bei Solingen, died at Marburg. Held a professorial
chair at Zurich and later at Marburg. His most famous book, the
_Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedentung in der
Gegenwart_, first appeared in 1866. It was published in England in 1878-
81 by Trubner in three volumes.

{241c} Guicciardini, Francesco (1483-1540), the Italian historian and
statesman, was born at Florence. Undertook in 1512 an embassy from
Florence to the Court of Ferdinand the Catholic, and learned diplomacy in
Spain. In 1515 he entered the service of Pope Leo X. His principal book
is his _History of Italy_. The _Istoria d'Italia_ appeared in Florence
in ten volumes between 1561 and 1564. His _Recordi Politici_ consists of
some 400 aphorisms on political and social topics and has been described
by an Italian critic as "Italian corruption codified and elevated to a
rule of life."

{241d} Duperron, Jacques Davy (1556-1618), a Cardinal of the Church,
born at Saint Lo. He was a Court preacher under Henry III of France and
denounced Elizabeth of England in a funeral sermon on Mary Stuart. It is
told of him that he once demonstrated before the king the existence of
God, and being complimented upon his irrefutable arguments, replied that
he was prepared to bring equally good arguments to prove that God did not
exist. He became Bishop of Evreux in 1591.

{242a} Richelieu, Cardinal--(Armand-Jean Du Plessis)--(1585-1642). The
famous minister of Louis XIII; born in Paris, of a noble family of
Poitou. Was made Bishop of Lucon by Henry IV at the age of twenty-two.
Became Almoner to Marie de Medici, the Regent of France. Was elected a
Cardinal in 1622. He wrote many books, including theological works,
tragedies, and his own Memoirs. The authenticity of his _Testament
politique_ was disputed by Voltaire.

{242b} Harrington, James (1611-1677) was born at Upton,
Northamptonshire; was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He
travelled on the Continent, but was back in England at the time of the
Civil War, in which, howev