d sole dominion over the credulous souls of men;
it must demand the absolute submission of the cultured State,
which, as such, defends the rights of reason and science. True and
enduring peace there cannot be until one of the combatants lies
powerless on the ground. Either the Church wins, and then farewell
to all 'free science and free teaching'--then are our universities
no better than gaols, and our colleges become cloistral schools; or
else the modern rational State proves victorious--then, in the
twentieth century, human culture, freedom, and prosperity will
continue their progressive development until they far surpass even
the height of the nineteenth century.

"In order to compass these high aims, it is of the first importance
that modern science not only shatter the false structures of
superstition and sweep their ruins from the path, but that it also
erect a new abode for human emotion on the ground it has cleared--a
'palace of reason,' in which, under the influence of our new
monistic views, we do reverence to the real trinity of the
nineteenth century--the trinity of 'the true, the good, and the
beautiful'" (p. 119).

These are the bases of religion, adopted from Goethe, which in
Haeckel's view should entirely replace what he calls the Trinity of
Kant, viz., God, Freedom, and Immortality--three ideas which he regards
as mere superstition or as so enveloped in superstition as to be
worthless.

Occasionally, however, he attacks not solely ecclesiastical
Christianity--in which enterprise he is entirely within his
rights,--but he goes further and abuses some of its more primitive
forms, and to some extent its practical fruits also. For instance:--

"Primitive Christianity preached the worthlessness of earthly life,
regarding it merely as a preparation for an eternal life beyond.
Hence it immediately followed that all we find in the life of a man
here below, all that is beautiful in art and science, in public and
in private life, is of no real value. The true Christian must avert
his eyes from them; he must think only of a worthy preparation for
the life beyond. Contempt of nature, aversion from all its
inexhaustible charms, rejection of every kind of fine art, are
Christian duties; and they are carried out to perfection when a man
separates himself from his fellows, chastises his body, and spends