ha as
administrator of the Druses and Maronites, with a council of four chiefs
from each party; but the pasha, attempting to effect a disarming, was
besieged in November in the castle of Beit ed-Din by the Druses under
Shibli el-Arrian. At the instigation of the European powers he was
recalled in December, and the Druses and Maronites were placed under
separate _kaimakams_ (governors), who, it was stipulated, were not to be
of the family of Shehab. Disturbances again broke out in 1845, the
native _mukatajis_ refusing to obey the _kaimakams_. The Maronites flew
to arms, but with the assistance of the Turks their opponents carried
the day. A superficial pacification effected by Shekib Effendi, the
Ottoman commissioner, lasted only till his departure; and the Porte was
obliged to despatch a force of 12,000 men to the Lebanon. Forty of the
chiefs were seized, the people was nominally disarmed, and in 1846 a new
constitution was inaugurated, by which the _kaimakam_ was to be assisted
by two Druses, two Maronites, four Greeks, two Turks and one Metawali.
All, however, was in vain: the conflict was continued through 1858, 1859
and 1860; and the disturbance culminated in the famous Damascus massacre
(see SYRIA). The European powers now determined to interfere; and, by a
protocol of the 3rd of May 1860, it was decided that the Lebanon should
be occupied by a force of 20,000 men, of whom half were to be French. A
body of troops was accordingly landed on the 16th of August under
General Beaufort d'Hautpoul; and Fuad Pasha, who had been appointed
Turkish commissioner with full powers, proceeded to bring the leaders of
the massacres to justice. The French occupation continued till the 5th
of June 1861, and the French and English squadrons cruised on the coast
for several months after. In accordance with the recommendation of the
European powers the Porte determined to appoint a Christian governor not
belonging to the district, and independent of the pasha of Beirut, to
hold office for three years. The choice fell on Daud Pasha, an Armenian
Catholic, who was installed on the 4th of July. In spite of many
difficulties, and especially the ambitious conduct of the Maronite
Jussuf Karam, he succeeded in restoring order; and by the formation of a
military force from the inhabitants of the Lebanon he rendered
unnecessary the presence of the Turkish soldiery.

The privileged province of Lebanon (q.v.) was finally constituted by the
Organic