ently
drowned. Position A.]

[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Schafer method of treatment of the apparently
drowned. Position B.]

Professor Schafer describes the method as follows:--Lay the subject face
downwards on the ground, then without stopping to remove the clothing
the operator should at once place himself in position astride or at one
side of the subject, facing his head and kneeling upon one or both
knees. He then places his hands flat over the lower part of the back (on
the lowest ribs), one on each side (fig. 8), and then gradually throws
the weight of his body forward on to them so as to produce firm pressure
(fig. 9)--which must not be violent, or upon the patient's chest. By
this means the air, and water if any, are driven out of the patient's
lungs. Immediately thereafter the operator raises his body slowly so as
to remove the pressure, but the hands are left in position. This forward
and backward movement is repeated every four or five seconds; in other
words, the body of the operator is swayed slowly forwards and backwards
upon the arms from twelve to fifteen times a minute, and should be
continued for at least half an hour, or until the natural respirations
are resumed. Whilst one person is carrying out artificial respiration in
this way, others may, if there be opportunity, busy themselves with
applying hot flannels to the body and limbs, and hot bottles to the
feet, but no attempt should be made to remove the wet clothing or to
give any restoratives by the mouth until natural breathing has
recommenced.

In his paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in December 1903
Professor Schafer gave the following table of the relative exchanges of
air under different methods:--

+------------------------------+--------+---------------+--------------+
| | Number | Amount of air |Amount of air |
| Mode of Respiration. | per | exchanged per |exchanged per |
| | minute.| respiration. | minute. |
+------------------------------+--------+---------------+--------------+
| Natural respiration (supine) | 13 | 489 c.c. | 6.460 c.c. |
| Natural " (prone) | 12.5 | 422 " | 5.240 " |
| Prone (pressure), "Schafer" | 13 | 520 " | 6.760 " |
| Supine (pressure), "Howard" | 13.6 | 295 " | 4.020 " |
| Rolling (with pressure), | | |