ries of Cromwell's army.

The story of the political leaders who remained in the place of their
birth and shared its economic changes differs from the story of those
who by moving to the West continued on a new area the old social type.
In the throng of Scotch-Irish pioneers that entered the uplands of the
Carolinas in the second quarter of the eighteenth century were the
ancestors of Calhoun and of Andrew Jackson. Remaining in this region,
Calhoun shared the transformations of the South Carolina interior. He
saw it change from the area of the pioneer farmers to an area of great
planters raising cotton by slave labor. This explains the transformation
of the nationalist and protectionist Calhoun of 1816 into the
state-sovereignty and free-trade Calhoun. Jackson, on the other hand,
left the region while it was still a frontier, shared the frontier life
of Tennessee, and reflected the democracy and nationalism of his people.
Henry Clay lived long enough in the kindred State of Kentucky to see it
pass from a frontier to a settled community, and his views on slavery
reflected the transitional history of that State. Lincoln, on the other
hand, born in Kentucky in 1809, while the State was still under frontier
conditions, migrated in 1816 to Indiana, and in 1830 to Illinois. The
pioneer influences of his community did much to shape his life, and the
development of the raw frontiersman into the statesman was not unlike
the development of his own State. Political leaders who experienced the
later growth of the Northwest, like Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, and
McKinley, show clearly the continued transformations of the section. But
in the days when the Northwest was still in the gristle, she sent her
sons into the newer West to continue the views of life and the policies
of the half-frontier region they had left.

To-day, the Northwest, standing between her ancestral connections in the
East and her children in the West, partly like the East, partly like the
West, finds herself in a position strangely like that in the days of the
slavery struggle, when her origins presented to her a "divided duty."
But these issues are not with the same imperious "Which?" as was the
issue of freedom or slavery.

Looking at the Northwest as a whole, one sees, in the character of its
industries and in the elements of its population, it is identified on
the east with the zone of States including the middle region and New
England. Cotton culture and th