tt [Christianity supernatural and divine, but not
miraculous], _Through Nature to Christ_ (1877), _The Kernel and the
Husk_ (1886), _The Spirit on the Waters_ (1897), &c., or A.B. Bruce,
_Chief End of Revelation_ (1881), _The Miraculous Element in the
Gospels_ (1886), _Apologetics_ (1892), and other works; Bruce's
posthumous article, "Jesus" in _Encyc. Bib._, was understood by some
as exchanging Christian orthodoxy for bare theism, but probably its
tone of aloofness is due to the attempt to keep well within the limits
of what the author considered pure scientific history. Scholarly and
apologetic discussion on the gospels and life of Jesus is further
represented by the writings of W. Sanday or (earlier) of J.B.
Lightfoot. Much American work of merit on the character of Christ is
headed by W. E Channing, and by H. Bushnell (in _Nature and the
Supernatural_). For defence of Christ's resurrection, reference may be
made to H. Latham's _The Risen Lord_ and R. Mackintosh's _First Primer
of Apologetics_. For modification in light of recent scholarship of
argument from prophecy, to Riehm's _Messianic Prophecy_, Stanton's
_Jewish and Christian Messiah_, and Woods's _Hope of Israel_. Roman
Catholic apologetics--of necessity, Thomist--is well represented by
Professor Schanz of Tubingen. The whole Ritschl movement is apologetic
in spirit; best English account in A.E. Garvie's _Ritschlian Theology_
(1899). See also the chief church histories or histories of doctrine
(Harnack; Loofs; Hagenbach; Shedd); A.S. Farrar's _Critical History of
Free_ (i.e. anti-Christian) _Thought_ (Bampton Lectures, 1862); R.C.
Trench's Introduction to _Notes on the Miracles_, and F.W. Macran's
_English Apologetic Theology_ (1905). For the 18th century, G.V.
Lechler's _Geschichte des englischen Deismus_ (1841); Mark Pattison in
_Essays and Reviews_ (1860); Leslie Stephen's _English Thought in 18th
Century_ (agnostic); John Hunt, _Religious Thought in England_ (3
vols., 1870-1873). (R. Ma.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] While these writings are of great historical value, they do not,
of course, represent the Christian argument as conceived to-day. The
Church of Rome prefers medieval or modern statements of its position;
Protestantism can use only modern statements.

APOLOGUE (from the Gr. [Greek: apologos], a statement or account), a
short fable or allegorical story, meant to serve as a