s _Commentary on Galatians_, to
which Dr F.J.A. Hort's _The Christian Ecclesia_ added elements of
value; see also T.M. Lindsay, _The Church and the Ministry_, and
articles in Hastings' _Dictionary of the Bible_ and the _Ency.
Biblica_; A. Harnack, _Die Lehre der Apostel_, pp. 93 ff., and
_Dogmengeschichte_ (3rd ed.), i. 153 ff.; E. Haupt, _Zum Verstandnis
d. Apostolats in NT._ (Halle, 1896); and especially H. Monnier, _La
Notion de l'apostolat, des origines a Irenee_ (Paris, 1903). The later
legends and their sources are examined by T. Schermann, _Propheten-
und Apostellegenden_ (Leipzig, 1907). (J. V. B.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] By analogy, that is; for the wider sense of "apostle" in the
Apostolic age need not be identical with a sub-apostolic use of the
term (see below, 4 _fin_.).

[2] The tendency is already visible in the Lucan writings. An
anologous process is seen in the use of "disciple," applicable in the
apostolic age to Christians at large, but in the course of the
sub-apostolic age restricted to personal "disciples of the Lord" or
to martyrs (Papias in Eus. iii. 39, cf. Ignatius, _Ad Eph._ i. 2).

[3] In the Edessene legend of Abgar, in Eus. i. 12, we read that
"Judas, who is also Thomas, sent Thaddaeus as apostle--one of the
Seventy," where simply an authoritative envoy of Jesus seems
intended. For traces of the wider sense of "apostle" in Gnostic,
Marcionite and Montanist circles, see Monnier (as below).

[4] The above is substantially the view taken by J.B. Lightfoot in
his essay on "The Christian Ministry" (_Comm. on Philippians_, 6th
ed., pp. 239, 252 f.), and by T.M. Lindsay, _The Church and the
Ministry_ (1902), pp. 224-228, 278 ff. Even C. Gore, _The Church and
the Ministry_ (1889), pp. 119 ff., while inferring a sacerdotal
element in Irenaeus's conception of the episcopate, says: "But it is
mainly as preserving the catholic traditions that Irenaeus regards
the apostolic succession" (p. 120).

[5] See Lightfoot's essay for Cyprian's contribution, as also for
that of the Clementines, which fix on the twofold position of James
at Jerusalem, as apostle and bishop, as bearing on apostolic
succession in the episcopate.

APOSTLE SPOONS, a set of spoons, usually of silver or silver gilt, with
the handles terminating in figures of the apostles, each bearing their
distinctive emblem. They w