al religious services, and even to
maintain their respective national post-offices. No Turkish policeman
may enter the premises of a foreigner without the sanction of the
consular authorities to whose jurisdiction the latter belongs. A certain
measure of self-government is likewise granted to the native Christian
communities under their ecclesiastical chiefs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--On Constantinople generally, besides the regular
guide-books and works already mentioned, see P. Gyllius, _De
topographia Constantinopoleos, De Bosporo Thracio_ (1632); Du Cange,
_Constantinopolis Christiana_ (1680); J. von Hammer,
_Constantinopolis und der Bosporos_ (1822); Mordtmann, _Esquisse
topographique de Constantinople_ (1892); E. A. Grosvenor,
_Constantinople_ (1895); van Millingen, _Byzantine Constantinople_
(1899); Paspates, [Greek: Byzantinai Meletai] (1877); Scarlatos
Byzantios, [Greek: He Konstantinou polis] (1851); E. Pears, _Fall of
Constantinople_ (1885), _The Destruction of the Greek Empire_ (1903);
Gibbon, _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_; Salzenberg,
_Altchristliche Baudenkmale von Konstantinopel_; Lethaby and
Swainson, _The Church of Sancta Sophia_; Pulgher, _Les Anciennes
Eglises byzantines de Constantinople_; Labarte, _Le Palais imperial
de Constantinople et ses abords_. (A. van M.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For full information on the subject of the ancient water-supply
see Count A. F. Andreossy, _Constantinople et le Bosphore_;
Tchikatchev, _Le Bosphore et Constantinople_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1865);
Forchheimer and Strzygowski, _Die byzantinischen Wasserbehaelter_;
also article AQUEDUCT.

[2] A Turkish lira = 18 shillings (English).

CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF. Of the numerous ecclesiastical councils
held at Constantinople the most important are the following:

1. The second ecumenical council, 381, which was in reality only a synod
of bishops from Thrace, Asia and Syria, convened by Theodosius with a
view to uniting the church upon the basis of the Orthodox faith. No
Western bishop was present, nor any Roman legate; from Egypt came only a
few bishops, and these tardily. The first president was Meletius of
Antioch, whom Rome regarded as schismatic. Yet, despite its sectional
character, the council came in time to be regarded as ecumenical alike
in the West and in the East.

The council reaffirmed the Nicene faith and denounced all opposing
do