and; in the
Girvan district they have been described as the Ardmillan series with
the Drummock group and Barren Flagstone group in the upper portion,
and the Whitehouse, Ardwell and Balclatchie groups in the lower part.
Similarly, two divisions, known as the Upper and Lower Hartfell
series, are recognized in the southern and central area, in
Peeblesshire, Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire.

In Ireland the Caradoc or Bala series is represented by the limestones
of Portraine near Dublin and of the Chair of Kildare; by the
Ballymoney series of Wexford and Carnalea shales of Co. Down. In the
Lough Mask district beds of this age are found, as in Wales,
interstratified with volcanic lavas and tuffs. Other localities are
known in counties Tyrone, Meath and Louth, also in Lambay Island.

See ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM; also C. Lapworth, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._,
5th series, vol. vi., 1880; _Geol. Mag._, 1889; C. Lapworth and W.W.
Watts, _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, xiii., 1894; J.E. Marr, _Geol. Mag._,
1892; J.E. Marr and T. Roberts, _Q.J.G.S._, 1885; B.N. Peach and J.
Home, "Silurian Rocks of Great Britain," vol. I., 1899 (_Mem. Geol.
Survey_). (J. A. H.)

CARALES (Gr. [Greek: K['a]ralis], mod. _Cagliari_, q.v.), the most
important ancient city of Sardinia, situated on the south coast of the
island. Its foundation is generally attributed to the Carthaginians, and
Punic tombs exist in considerable numbers near the present cemetery on
the east and still more on the rocky plateau to the north-west of the
town. It first appears in Roman history in the Second Punic War, and
probably obtained full Roman civic rights from Julius Caesar. In
imperial times it was the most important town in the island, mainly
owing to its fine sheltered harbour, where a detachment of the _classis
Misenas_ was stationed. In the 4th and 5th centuries it was probably the
seat of the _praeses Sardiniae_. It is mentioned as an important harbour
in the Gothic and Gildonic wars. It was also the chief point of the road
system of Sardinia. Roads ran hence to Olbia by the east coast, and
through the centre of the island, to Othoca (Oristano) direct, and
thence to Olbia (probably the most frequented route), through the mining
district to Sulci and along the south and west coasts to Othoca. The
hill occupied by the Pisan fortifications and the medieval town within
them must have been the acropolis of the Carthaginian settlement; it is
im