trust Carbo. He was impeached by
Licinius Crassus on a similar charge, and, feeling that he had nothing
to hope for from the optimates and that his condemnation was certain, he
committed suicide.

See Livy, _Epit._ 59; Appian, _Bell. Civ._ i. 18: Vell. Pat. ii. 4;
Val. Max. iii. 7. 6; A.H.J. Greenidge, _History of Rome_ (1904).

2. His son, GAIUS PAPIRIUS CARBO, surnamed Arvina, was a staunch
supporter of the aristocracy, and was put to death by the Marian party
in 82. He is known chiefly for the law (Plautia Papiria) carried by him
and M. Plautius Silvanus when tribunes of the people in 90 (or 89),
whereby the Roman franchise was offered to every Italian ally domiciled
in Italy at the time when the law was enacted, provided he made
application personally within sixty days to the praetor at Rome (see
ROME: _History_, II. "The Republic," Period C.). The object of the law
was to conciliate the states at war with Rome and to secure the loyalty
of the federate states. Like his father, Carbo was an orator of
distinction.

See Cicero, _Pro Archia_, 4; Vell. Pat. ii. 26; Appian, _Bell. Civ._
i. 88.

3. GNAEUS PAPIRIUS CARBO (c. 130-82 B.C.), nephew of (1). He was a
strong supporter of the Marian party, and took part in the blockade of
Rome (87). In 85 he was chosen by Cinna as his colleague in the
consulship, and extensive preparations were made for carrying on war in
Greece against Sulla, who had announced his intention of returning to
Italy. Cinna and Carbo declared themselves consuls for the following
year, and large bodies of troops were transported across the Adriatic;
but when Cinna was murdered by his own soldiers, who refused to engage
in civil war, Carbo was obliged to bring them back. In 82 Carbo, then
consul for the third time with the younger Marius, fought an indecisive
engagement with Sulla near Clusium, but was defeated with great loss in
an attack on the camp of Sulla's general, Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
[see under METELLUS (6)] near Faventia. Although he still had a large
army and the Samnites remained faithful to him, Carbo was so
disheartened by his failure to relieve Praeneste, where the younger
Marius had taken refuge, that he decided to leave Italy. He first fled
to Africa, thence to the island of Cossyra (Pentellaria), where he was
arrested, taken in chains before Pompey at Lilybaeum and put to death.

See Appian, _Bell. Civ._ i. 67-98; Livy, _Epit._ 79, 84, 88, 89;
Plutarch, _Pompey_,