tawny yellow, flat or slightly
elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.

The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of
central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild
specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the
variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter
leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent
prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).

Plate XX.

Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig.
181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the
leaf.

[Illustration: PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)]

29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS

1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).
1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).
1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).
1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.
1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.
1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.
1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm
inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely
mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or
sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny
yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and
often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo
with a minute prickle or its remnant.

A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from
Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A
vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper
trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper
trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form
(Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be
found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various
degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in
Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f.
2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that